Italy IT: BERD Financed: Higher Education And PNP Sectors

Italy IT: BERD Financed: Higher Education And PNP Sectors data was reported at 0.277 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.158 % for 2020. Italy IT: BERD Financed: Higher Education And PNP Sectors data is updated yearly, averaging 0.168 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.397 % in 2012 and a record low of 0.000 % in 1985. Italy IT: BERD Financed: Higher Education And PNP Sectors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.

Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.

2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.

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