Japan JP: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD)

Japan JP: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data was reported at 2,256,071.000 JPY mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,198,328.000 JPY mn for 2022. Japan JP: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 2,158,796.000 JPY mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,256,071.000 JPY mn in 2023 and a record low of 966,083.800 JPY mn in 1981. Japan JP: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For Japan, in 2008, 2013 and 2018, the FTE coefficients for researchers in the higher education sector were revised, producing an increase in 2013 and 2018, and a decrease in 2008, in both R&D expenditure and personnel for this sector and the national total.

Beginning with the 2002/2003 survey (OECD data 2002), the coefficients supplied by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology were applied to doctoral level students as well as teachers when calculating FTE for the HE sector, resulting in a break in series in that year.

Before 1996, Higher Education expenditure and personnel data in FTE are OECD estimates derived from official headcount-based data.

GBARD data represent the budget for S&T. Local government budgets are included in total GBARD figures from 2017 and broken down by socio-economic objective from 2021. Since 2016, the aggregation method of S&T budgets has changed. From 2011 onwards, GBARD for the “Education and Society” socio-economic objective include a more accurate measure of the budget of the National Institute for Cultural Heritage. Military procurement contracts are excluded from defence GBARD. Before 2010, GUF excludes SSH.

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