Armenia Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities
Key information about Armenia Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities
- Armenia Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities fell by 79.645 USD mn in Sep 2023, compared with an increase of 105.645 USD mn in the previous quarter.
- Armenia Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1993 to Sep 2023.
- The data reached an all-time high of 707.051 USD mn in Mar 2021 and a record low of -158.133 USD mn in Sep 2022.
The Central Bank of Armenia provides quarterly Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities in USD.
View Armenia's Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities from Mar 1993 to Sep 2023 in the chart:
What was Armenia's Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities in Sep 2023?
Armenia Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities fell by 79.645 USD mn in Sep 2023, compared with an increase of 105.645 USD mn in the previous quarter. See the table below for more data.
Last | Previous | Min | Max | Unit | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-79.645 Sep 2023 | 105.645 Jun 2023 | -158.133 Sep 2022 | 707.051 Mar 2021 | USD mn | quarterly | Mar 1993 - Sep 2023 |
Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities by Country Comparison
Buy Selected Data
country/region | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Albania (USD mn) | -71.692 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2007 - Sep 2023 |
Argentina (USD mn) | -1,292.435 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1994 - Sep 2023 |
Armenia (USD mn) | -79.645 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1993 - Sep 2023 |
Australia (USD mn) | 45,235.610 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Sep 1988 - Dec 2023 |
Austria (USD mn) | 8,435.704 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Sep 2023 |
Azerbaijan (USD mn) | -107.201 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2003 - Sep 2023 |
Bangladesh (USD mn) | -29.123 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Sep 1997 - Sep 2023 |
Belarus (USD mn) | 113.716 Jun 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1996 - Jun 2023 |
Belgium (USD mn) | -1,869.937 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Sep 2023 |
Bolivia (USD mn) | -183.399 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1977 - Sep 2023 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina (USD mn) | 0.717 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2007 - Sep 2023 |
Botswana (USD mn) | 0.000 2022 | yearly | 1975 - 2022 |
Brazil (USD mn) | 812.965 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Dec 2023 |
Bulgaria (USD mn) | 1,472.092 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1992 - Dec 2023 |
Canada (USD mn) | 14,695.482 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1950 - Dec 2023 |
Chile (USD mn) | 536.906 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
China (USD mn) | -11,769.716 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1998 - Sep 2023 |
Colombia (USD mn) | 2,158.524 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1996 - Dec 2023 |
Croatia (USD mn) | -258.645 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Mar 1993 - Dec 2022 |
Cyprus (USD mn) | -148.641 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2001 - Sep 2023 |
Czech Republic (USD mn) | 1,611.589 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1993 - Sep 2023 |
Denmark (USD mn) | -3,322.501 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1975 - Sep 2023 |
Ecuador (USD mn) | -39.364 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1999 - Sep 2023 |
Egypt (USD mn) | -569.400 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2011 - Sep 2023 |
Estonia (USD mn) | 68.308 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2008 - Dec 2023 |
European Union (USD mn) | -19,794.155 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1999 - Dec 2023 |
Finland (USD mn) | -2,586.995 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1996 - Dec 2023 |
France (USD mn) | 23,556.643 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1997 - Dec 2023 |
Georgia (USD mn) | -370.027 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2000 - Sep 2023 |
Germany (USD mn) | -810.346 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1971 - Dec 2023 |
Ghana (USD mn) | -189.016 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Mar 2011 - Dec 2022 |
Greece (USD mn) | 1,357.348 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1976 - Sep 2023 |
Hong Kong SAR, China (USD mn) | 3,905.941 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1999 - Sep 2023 |
Hungary (USD mn) | 2,474.469 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1993 - Sep 2023 |
Iceland (USD mn) | -106.455 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Dec 2023 |
India (USD mn) | 2,440.123 Jun 2023 | quarterly | Jun 2009 - Jun 2023 |
Indonesia (USD mn) | 5,565.489 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1981 - Dec 2023 |
Ireland (USD mn) | 10,225.307 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1998 - Dec 2023 |
Israel (USD mn) | 1,303.400 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1972 - Sep 2023 |
Italy (USD mn) | 1,791.157 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1997 - Sep 2023 |
Ivory Coast (USD mn) | 321.012 2022 | yearly | 2005 - 2022 |
Japan (USD mn) | -12,449.653 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1996 - Dec 2023 |
Jordan (USD mn) | -79.549 Mar 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1999 - Mar 2023 |
Kazakhstan (USD mn) | -120.315 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Dec 1997 - Sep 2023 |
Kenya (USD mn) | -22.590 2022 | yearly | 2009 - 2022 |
South Korea (USD mn) | 4,197.400 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1980 - Dec 2023 |
Kuwait (USD mn) | -28.282 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2023 |
Kyrgyzstan (USD mn) | -16.354 Jun 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Jun 2023 |
Laos (USD mn) | 18.000 Jun 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1999 - Jun 2023 |
Latvia (USD mn) | 681.658 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2000 - Dec 2023 |
Lebanon (USD mn) | -1,184.780 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2022 |
Lithuania (USD mn) | -210.887 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Sep 2023 |
Luxembourg (USD mn) | -1,487.760 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Sep 2023 |
Macau SAR, China (USD mn) | 1,105.222 2022 | yearly | 2002 - 2022 |
North Macedonia (USD mn) | -8.511 Jun 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1998 - Jun 2023 |
Malawi (USD mn) | -95.160 2022 | yearly | 2003 - 2022 |
Malaysia (USD mn) | -227.930 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Sep 2023 |
Malta (USD mn) | 58.988 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Dec 2022 |
Mauritius (USD mn) | 120.000 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2007 - Sep 2023 |
Mexico (USD mn) | 3,647.404 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Moldova (USD mn) | 0.000 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Sep 2023 |
Mongolia (USD mn) | -509.375 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1998 - Dec 2023 |
Montenegro (USD mn) | 31.320 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2007 - Dec 2023 |
Morocco (USD mn) | -57.293 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2003 - Sep 2023 |
Mozambique (USD mn) | -9.606 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1996 - Dec 2023 |
Netherlands (USD mn) | 4,261.237 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1967 - Sep 2023 |
New Zealand (USD mn) | 3,600.516 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Jun 1995 - Sep 2023 |
Nigeria (USD mn) | 339.714 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Mar 2008 - Dec 2022 |
Norway (USD mn) | 296,280.678 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2005 - Sep 2023 |
Oman (USD mn) | 4,338.882 2021 | yearly | 1974 - 2021 |
Pakistan (USD mn) | 0.000 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Sep 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Palestinian Territory (USD mn) | 0.000 Mar 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2013 - Mar 2023 |
Panama (USD mn) | 44.032 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2013 - Sep 2023 |
Paraguay (USD mn) | 429.736 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2000 - Sep 2023 |
Peru (USD mn) | 249.766 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1993 - Dec 2023 |
Philippines (USD mn) | -1,378.485 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1977 - Sep 2023 |
Poland (USD mn) | -248.000 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2000 - Sep 2023 |
Portugal (USD mn) | -4,233.756 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1975 - Dec 2023 |
Qatar (USD mn) | -55.220 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2011 - Sep 2023 |
Romania (USD mn) | 2,808.532 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2005 - Sep 2023 |
Russia (USD mn) | -1,308.630 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1994 - Sep 2023 |
Serbia (USD mn) | -66.806 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2007 - Sep 2023 |
Slovakia (USD mn) | 1,050.887 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1994 - Sep 2023 |
Slovenia (USD mn) | -316.054 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1994 - Dec 2023 |
South Africa (USD mn) | -1,257.169 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1985 - Sep 2023 |
Spain (USD mn) | 13,941.808 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1975 - Sep 2023 |
Sri Lanka (USD mn) | 80.015 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2023 |
Sudan (USD mn) | 0.000 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Jun 2010 - Dec 2022 |
Sweden (USD mn) | 6,943.873 Jun 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1982 - Jun 2023 |
Switzerland (USD mn) | 19,728.560 Jun 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1985 - Jun 2023 |
Taiwan (USD mn) | 443.000 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1981 - Dec 2023 |
Tajikistan (USD mn) | 0.000 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Sep 2023 |
Thailand (USD mn) | -1,937.040 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1976 - Sep 2023 |
Tunisia (USD mn) | -424.443 2022 | yearly | 1976 - 2022 |
Turkey (USD mn) | 5,970.000 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1992 - Dec 2023 |
Ukraine (USD mn) | -151.000 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1998 - Dec 2023 |
United Kingdom (USD mn) | 54,567.002 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Sep 1980 - Sep 2023 |
United States (USD mn) | 189,200.000 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1973 - Sep 2023 |
Uruguay (USD mn) | 411.374 Sep 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2000 - Sep 2023 |
Uzbekistan (USD mn) | -12.446 Jun 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2014 - Jun 2023 |
Accurate Macro & Micro Economic Data You Can Trust
Explore the most complete set of 6.6 million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors.
Learn more about what we doArmenia Key Series
Buy Selected Data
Government and Public Finance | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Consolidated Fiscal Balance: % of GDP (%) | -1.9 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Dec 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Consolidated Fiscal Balance (USD mn) | -311.868 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
Tax Revenue (USD mn) | 641.330 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
Tax Revenue: % of GDP (%) | 25.1 Mar 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2008 - Mar 2023 |
National Government Debt (USD mn) | 11,845.3 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Government Debt: % of GDP (%) | 50.5 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Dec 2013 - Dec 2023 |
Forecast: Government Expenditure (AMD bn) | 4,073.820 2028 | yearly | 2005 - 2028 |
Forecast: Government Net Debt (AMD bn) | 7,215.100 2028 | yearly | 1996 - 2028 |
Forecast: Government Revenue (AMD bn) | 3,807.300 2028 | yearly | 1993 - 2028 |
Consolidated Government Budget: Revenue and Grants (AMD mn) | 688,243.600 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Consolidated Government Budget: Balance (AMD mn) | -261,566.400 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
State Budget: Revenue: ytd: TP: TD: Tax: Excise Tax (AMD mn) | 149,446.000 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
State Budget: Expenditure: ytd: Current Expenses (CE) (AMD mn) | 2,075,035.300 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
State Budget: Expenditure: ytd (AMD mn) | 2,547,624.800 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
State Budget: Balance: ytd (AMD mn) | -188,891.300 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
State Budget: Revenue: ytd: TP: TD: Tax: VAT (AMD mn) | 767,173.500 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
State Budget: Revenue and Official Transfers: ytd (AMD mn) | 2,358,733.500 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
State Budget: Deficit Financing: ytd (AMD mn) | 188,891.300 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
State Budget: ytd: Expenditure: Transaction with Non Financial Assets: Non Finan... (AMD mn) | 494,353.900 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
State Budget: ytd: RT: Revenue (AMD mn) | 2,345,640.000 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Dec 2023 |
Central Government Debt: Short Term (AMD bn) | 129.827 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Central Government Debt: Mid Term (AMD bn) | 730.897 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Central Government Debt: Long Term (AMD bn) | 3,711.221 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Central Government Debt: External (AMD bn) | 2,631.694 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Central Government Debt: Domestic (AMD bn) | 2,163.166 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Central Government Debt (AMD bn) | 4,794.860 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Dec 2023 |
Central Government Debt: % Nominal GDP (%) | 60.300 2021 | yearly | 1999 - 2021 |
Foreign Trade | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Forecast: Exports of Goods Growth (%) | 5.009 2028 | yearly | 1996 - 2028 |
Trade Balance (USD mn) | -98.2 Nov 2023 | monthly | Nov 1995 - Nov 2023 |
Total Exports (USD mn) | 934.1 Jan 2024 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Jan 2024 |
Total Exports Growth (%) | 95.3 Nov 2023 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Nov 2023 |
Aluminum: Exports (USD th) | 137,316.893 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
Exports: Medicament (USD th) | 15,645.987 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
Exports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) | 12,819.576 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
Total Imports (USD mn) | 1,211.6 Jan 2024 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Jan 2024 |
Total Imports Growth (%) | 34.8 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Dec 2023 |
Imports: Medicament (USD th) | 155,783.749 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
Imports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) | 61,751.003 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
Total Exports to USA (USD mn) | 4.813 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jun 1996 - Dec 2023 |
Total Imports from USA (USD mn) | 37.717 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Dec 2023 |
Total Exports to China (USD mn) | 45.335 Dec 2023 | monthly | Dec 1998 - Dec 2023 |
Total Imports from China (USD mn) | 153.288 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jun 1998 - Dec 2023 |
Trade Balance: ytd (USD mn) | -277.500 Jan 2024 | monthly | Dec 1999 - Jan 2024 |
Exports: Iron and Steel (USD th) | 84,659.900 2017 | yearly | 1995 - 2017 |
Exports: ow Bulgaria (USD mn) | 1.203 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2023 |
Exports: ow China (USD mn) | 45.335 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2023 |
Exports: ow Iran (USD mn) | 6.699 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2023 |
Exports: ow Russian Federation (USD mn) | 245.709 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2023 |
Imports: Base Metals and Articles Thereof (USD th) | 291,969.058 2017 | yearly | 1995 - 2017 |
Imports: Iron and Steel (USD th) | 81,128.500 2017 | yearly | 1995 - 2017 |
Imports: ow Iran (USD mn) | 56.861 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2023 |
Imports: ow Russian Federation (USD mn) | 720.894 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2023 |
Monetary | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Non Performing Loans Ratio (%) | 2.4 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2005 - Dec 2023 |
Household Debt: % of GDP (%) | 25.3 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Dec 2000 - Dec 2023 |
Non-Performing Loans (USD mn) | 553.525 Nov 2023 | monthly | Dec 2008 - Nov 2023 |
Money Supply M1 (USD mn) | 4,680.065 Nov 2023 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Nov 2023 |
Money Supply M2 (USD mn) | 8,066.055 Nov 2023 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Nov 2023 |
M2 Growth (%) | 20.8 Nov 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Nov 2023 |
Reserve Requirement Ratio (%) | 8.0 2021 | yearly | 2008 - 2021 |
Foreign Exchange Reserves (USD mn) | 3,601.2 Dec 2023 | monthly | Dec 1993 - Dec 2023 |
Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP (%) | 14.897 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Dec 2013 - Dec 2023 |
Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import (NA) | 2.9 Nov 2023 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Nov 2023 |
Gold Reserves (USD mn) | 0.000 Dec 2023 | monthly | Dec 1992 - Dec 2023 |
Total Deposits (USD mn) | 13,765.390 Jan 2024 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Jan 2024 |
Total Deposits Growth (%) | 9.4 Jan 2024 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Jan 2024 |
Domestic Credit (USD mn) | 16,284.9 Dec 2023 | monthly | Dec 1993 - Dec 2023 |
Domestic Credit Growth (%) | 17.7 Dec 2023 | monthly | Dec 1994 - Dec 2023 |
Household Debt (USD mn) | 6,027.3 Jan 2024 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Jan 2024 |
Total Loans (USD mn) | 12,724.152 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Dec 2023 |
Total Loans Growth (%) | 22.36 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Dec 2023 |
Private Debt: % of Nominal GDP (%) | 48.46 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Dec 2000 - Dec 2023 |
Money Supply: M2X (AMD mn) | 5,066,086.372 Jan 2024 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Jan 2024 |
Money Supply: sa: M2 (AMD mn) | 3,247,797.000 Nov 2023 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Nov 2023 |
Money Supply: M2X: M2 (AMD mn) | 3,410,105.843 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2023 |
Money Supply: M2X: M2: M1 (AMD mn) | 1,914,992.912 Jan 2024 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Jan 2024 |
Money Supply: sa: M1 (AMD mn) | 1,884,428.000 Nov 2023 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Nov 2023 |
Monetary Base: sa (AMD mn) | 1,685,413.000 Nov 2023 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Nov 2023 |
Money Supply: M2X: M2: M1: Currency in Circulation (AMD mn) | 778,133.210 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2023 |
International Reserves: USD (USD mn) | 3,601.917 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2023 |
International Reserves: USD: Gold (USD mn) | 0.000 Dec 2023 | monthly | Sep 2003 - Dec 2023 |
Commercial Banks Credit: Residents: Enterprise (AMD mn) | 2,197,681.974 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Dec 2023 |
Commercial Banks Credit (AMD mn) | 5,150,609.425 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Dec 2023 |
Commercial Banks Credit: Residents: Households (AMD mn) | 2,402,702.616 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Dec 2023 |
Business and Economic Survey | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Business Confidence Growth (% Point) | -3.7 Jun 2016 | quarterly | Sep 2006 - Jun 2016 |
Business Climate Indicator: sa: Industry (%) | 53.719 Jun 2016 | quarterly | Sep 2005 - Jun 2016 |
Business Climate Indicator: sa: Construction (%) | 38.971 Jun 2016 | quarterly | Sep 2005 - Jun 2016 |
Business Climate Indicator: sa: Trade (%) | 57.637 Jun 2016 | quarterly | Sep 2005 - Jun 2016 |
Business Climate Indicator: sa: Services (%) | 51.136 Jun 2016 | quarterly | Sep 2005 - Jun 2016 |
Business Climate Indicator: sa (%) | 51.023 Jun 2016 | quarterly | Sep 2005 - Jun 2016 |
More Indicators for Armenia
Request a demo of CEIC
CEIC’s economic databases cover over 200 global markets. Our Platform offers the most reliable macroeconomic data and advanced analytical tools.