Spain ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent

Spain ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 92,031.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 88,227.000 FTE for 2021. Spain ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 68,972.500 FTE from Dec 1989 (Median) to 2022, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 92,031.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 22,500.000 FTE in 1989. Spain ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.

Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.

From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.

Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.

In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.

In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.

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