Spain Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual
ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total
ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 40.131 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 39.172 % for 2021. ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 29.389 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 40.131 % in 2022 and a record low of 16.743 % in 1981. ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 40.131 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 7.516 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.177 % for 2021. ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 5.587 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 39 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.498 % in 2000 and a record low of -9.153 % in 2001. ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 7.516 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 64,912.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 60,374.000 FTE for 2021. ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 22,750.550 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 64,912.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 3,226.000 FTE in 1981. ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 64,912.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry
ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data was reported at 4.148 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.872 Per 1000 for 2020. ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 1.617 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.148 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 0.317 Per 1000 in 1981. ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4.148 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female
ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 31.058 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 31.245 % for 2020. ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 29.141 % from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31.607 % in 2019 and a record low of 17.084 % in 1997. ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 31.058 2021 | yearly | 1997 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female
ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 24,682.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 23,169.000 Person for 2020. ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 17,505.933 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24,682.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 2,381.000 Person in 1997. ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 24,682.000 2021 | yearly | 1997 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 79,471.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 74,153.000 Person for 2020. ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 47,450.000 Person from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 79,471.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 5,711.000 Person in 1985. ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 79,471.000 2021 | yearly | 1985 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1985 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Government Researchers: % of National Total
ES: Government Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 14.678 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 15.194 % for 2021. ES: Government Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 17.173 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.233 % in 1990 and a record low of 13.232 % in 1985. ES: Government Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 14.678 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Government Researchers: % of National Total from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
ES: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 1.384 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.956 % for 2021. ES: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 3.383 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 43.008 % in 1986 and a record low of -14.324 % in 1983. ES: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1.384 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
ES: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 23,742.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 23,418.000 FTE for 2021. ES: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 13,026.450 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24,377.200 FTE in 2010 and a record low of 2,839.000 FTE in 1985. ES: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 23,742.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female
ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 54.762 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 53.801 % for 2020. ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 48.145 % from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 54.762 % in 2021 and a record low of 34.001 % in 1997. ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 54.762 2021 | yearly | 1997 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female
ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 20,775.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 19,418.000 Person for 2020. ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 15,357.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20,775.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 4,955.000 Person in 1997. ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 20,775.000 2021 | yearly | 1997 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 37,937.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 36,092.000 Person for 2020. ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 27,957.000 Person from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2021, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37,937.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 3,291.000 Person in 1985. ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 37,937.000 2021 | yearly | 1985 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1985 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
ES: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 1.837 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.712 % for 2021. ES: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.577 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.079 % in 2005 and a record low of -10.258 % in 1982. ES: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1.837 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total
ES: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 44.864 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 45.407 % for 2021. ES: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 52.144 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 67.111 % in 1983 and a record low of 44.864 % in 2022. ES: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 44.864 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female
ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 60,487.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 58,447.000 Person for 2020. ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 49,215.500 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 60,487.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 26,286.000 Person in 1997. ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 60,487.000 2021 | yearly | 1997 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 137,380.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 133,460.000 Person for 2020. ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 119,290.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2021, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 137,380.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 74,202.000 Person in 1997. ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 137,380.000 2021 | yearly | 1995 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1995 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 4.312 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.628 % for 2021. ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 4.628 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21.770 % in 2000 and a record low of -5.422 % in 1997. ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4.312 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 92,031.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 88,227.000 FTE for 2021. ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 68,972.500 FTE from Dec 1989 (Median) to 2022, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 92,031.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 22,500.000 FTE in 1989. ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 92,031.000 2022 | yearly | 1989 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1989 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female
ES: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 41.597 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 41.469 % for 2020. ES: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 38.417 % from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41.597 % in 2021 and a record low of 32.676 % in 1999. ES: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 41.597 2021 | yearly | 1997 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Number of Researchers: Total
ES: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 255,385.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 244,187.000 Person for 2020. ES: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 187,023.500 Person from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 255,385.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 40,848.000 Person in 1985. ES: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 255,385.000 2021 | yearly | 1985 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Number of Researchers: Total from 1985 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total
ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data was reported at 46.684 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 45.186 % for 2020. ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 41.962 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 46.684 % in 2021 and a record low of 33.147 % in 1981. ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 46.684 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 7.783 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.207 % for 2021. ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 5.936 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 39 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.786 % in 2000 and a record low of -2.830 % in 1993. ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 7.783 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 125,529.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 116,465.000 FTE for 2021. ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 51,696.250 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 125,529.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 12,006.000 FTE in 1981. ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 125,529.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry
ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 8.002 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 7.333 Per 1000 for 2020. ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 3.645 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.002 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 1.181 Per 1000 in 1981. ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 8.002 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
ES: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 5.585 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.639 % for 2021. ES: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 4.613 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 39 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.979 % in 2000 and a record low of -3.127 % in 2011. ES: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 5.585 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
ES: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 263,407.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 249,474.000 FTE for 2021. ES: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 130,004.100 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 263,407.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 35,530.000 FTE in 1982. ES: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 263,407.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force
ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 10.752 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.195 Per 1000 for 2020. ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 6.951 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.752 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 2.544 Per 1000 in 1982. ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 10.752 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Spain's ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment
ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment data was reported at 12.873 Per 1000 in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 12.519 Per 1000 for 2021. ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 7.445 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.873 Per 1000 in 2022 and a record low of 2.902 Per 1000 in 1982. ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 12.873 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
ES: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 4.948 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.021 % for 2021. ES: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 4.788 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24.528 % in 2000 and a record low of -3.281 % in 2011. ES: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4.948 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
ES: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 161,751.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 154,125.000 FTE for 2021. ES: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 81,699.200 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 161,751.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 18,782.000 FTE in 1982. ES: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.
Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.
From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.
Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.
In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.
In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 161,751.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Spain's ES: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
ES: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force
ES: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 6.642 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.395 Per 1000 for 2020. ES: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 4.394 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.642 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 1.345 Per 1000 in 1982. ES: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6.642 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |