Singapore SG: BERD: % of Value Added

Singapore SG: BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 1.660 % in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.401 % for 2019. Singapore SG: BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 1.482 % from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2020, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.249 % in 2008 and a record low of 0.800 % in 1994. Singapore SG: BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Singapore – Table SG.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual. In Singapore, the Public Research Centres are located within the universities and draw upon university expertise. They are closely linked with the universities and several have ‘spun off' from university research groups. However they are administratively separate from the universities and funded by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and industry. The centres have been included in the ‘Public Research Institutes and Centres' category in the R&D survey since 1995. Until 1995 they were subsumed in the Higher Education sector. This leads to a discontinuity in the statistics for the Government/Public and Higher Education sectors between 1994 and 1995.;

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

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