Turkey Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual
TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total
TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 61.598 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 59.151 % for 2021. TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 26.350 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 61.598 % in 2022 and a record low of 10.405 % in 1990. TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 61.598 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 17.521 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 16.210 % for 2021. TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 15.953 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 76.010 % in 2005 and a record low of -8.374 % in 2001. TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 17.521 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 132,754.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 112,962.000 FTE for 2021. TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 11,241.677 FTE from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 132,754.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 1,168.000 FTE in 1990. TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 132,754.000 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry
TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data was reported at 4.990 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.626 Per 1000 for 2020. TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 0.609 Per 1000 from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.990 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 0.083 Per 1000 in 1990. TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities' own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.;
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4.990 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry from 1990 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female
TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 27.704 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 27.230 % for 2021. TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 24.867 % from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2022, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.960 % in 1997 and a record low of 22.906 % in 2011. TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 27.704 2022 | yearly | 1997 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 144,872.000 Person in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 124,837.000 Person for 2021. TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 24,523.000 Person from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2022, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 144,872.000 Person in 2022 and a record low of 2,977.000 Person in 1996. TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 144,872.000 2022 | yearly | 1996 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1996 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Government Researchers: % of National Total
TR: Government Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 2.934 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.282 % for 2021. TR: Government Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 10.740 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.902 % in 1991 and a record low of 2.934 % in 2022. TR: Government Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.934 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Government Researchers: % of National Total from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
TR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 0.877 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.711 % for 2021. TR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 3.471 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 32.389 % in 2003 and a record low of -14.132 % in 2019. TR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.877 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female
TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 2,533.000 Person in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,518.000 Person for 2021. TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 2,001.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2022, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,533.000 Person in 2022 and a record low of 861.000 Person in 1998. TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2,533.000 2022 | yearly | 1997 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 6,864.000 Person in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7,249.000 Person for 2022. TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 6,633.500 Person from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2023, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,549.000 Person in 2018 and a record low of 2,688.000 Person in 1998. TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 7,249.000 2022 | yearly | 1996 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1996 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
TR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 9,089.000 FTE in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9,627.000 FTE for 2022. TR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 8,987.500 FTE from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12,328.000 FTE in 2015 and a record low of 2,955.000 FTE in 1994. TR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 9,627.000 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total
TR: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 35.468 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 37.567 % for 2021. TR: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 62.613 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 75.105 % in 1993 and a record low of 35.468 % in 2022. TR: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 35.468 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
TR: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 6.544 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.875 % for 2021. TR: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 6.035 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 38.087 % in 2003 and a record low of -8.141 % in 2015. TR: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6.544 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
TR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 76,885.000 FTE in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 76,438.000 FTE for 2022. TR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 28,127.980 FTE from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 76,885.000 FTE in 2023 and a record low of 8,420.000 FTE in 1990. TR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 76,438.000 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female
TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 46.410 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 45.903 % for 2021. TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 40.539 % from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2022, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 46.410 % in 2022 and a record low of 33.295 % in 1998. TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 46.410 2022 | yearly | 1997 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female
TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 72,120.000 Person in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 66,529.000 Person for 2021. TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 34,696.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2022, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 72,120.000 Person in 2022 and a record low of 15,678.000 Person in 1998. TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 72,120.000 2022 | yearly | 1997 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 155,398.000 Person in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 144,935.000 Person for 2021. TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 75,069.500 Person from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 155,398.000 Person in 2022 and a record low of 29,167.000 Person in 1991. TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 155,398.000 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
TR: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 6.779 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.995 % for 2021. TR: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 6.195 % from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2022, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 38.087 % in 2003 and a record low of -8.141 % in 2015. TR: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6.779 2022 | yearly | 2002 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 2002 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female
TR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 37.327 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 37.184 % for 2021. TR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 36.280 % from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2022, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 40.529 % in 2015 and a record low of 32.567 % in 1998. TR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 37.327 2022 | yearly | 1997 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Number of Researchers: Female
TR: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 114,789.000 Person in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 103,040.000 Person for 2021. TR: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 43,099.500 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2022, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 114,789.000 Person in 2022 and a record low of 17,606.000 Person in 1998. TR: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 114,789.000 2022 | yearly | 1997 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Number of Researchers: Female from 1997 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Number of Researchers: Total
TR: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 307,519.000 Person in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 277,109.000 Person for 2021. TR: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 114,436.000 Person from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2022, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 307,519.000 Person in 2022 and a record low of 51,170.000 Person in 1996. TR: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 307,519.000 2022 | yearly | 1996 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Number of Researchers: Total from 1996 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total
TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data was reported at 67.431 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 65.345 % for 2020. TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 31.778 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 67.431 % in 2021 and a record low of 15.526 % in 1990. TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities' own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 67.431 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total from 1990 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 172,593.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 149,569.000 FTE for 2021. TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 18,029.067 FTE from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 172,593.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 2,166.000 FTE in 1990. TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 172,593.000 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry
TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 6.607 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.199 Per 1000 for 2020. TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 0.971 Per 1000 from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.607 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 0.153 Per 1000 in 1990. TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities' own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.;
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6.607 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry from 1990 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
TR: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 6.680 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.780 % for 2022. TR: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 9.334 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2023, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 32.261 % in 2003 and a record low of -2.305 % in 1998. TR: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 11.780 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
TR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 290,850.000 FTE in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 272,638.000 FTE for 2022. TR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 58,910.243 FTE from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 290,850.000 FTE in 2023 and a record low of 13,951.000 FTE in 1990. TR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 272,638.000 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force
TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 6.761 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.462 Per 1000 for 2020. TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 2.293 Per 1000 from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.761 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 0.759 Per 1000 in 1990. TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities' own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6.761 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force from 1990 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment
TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment data was reported at 8.958 Per 1000 in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 8.551 Per 1000 for 2021. TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 2.745 Per 1000 from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.958 Per 1000 in 2022 and a record low of 0.855 Per 1000 in 1990. TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 8.958 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
TR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 12.851 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 13.347 % for 2021. TR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 9.505 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 36.112 % in 2003 and a record low of -1.651 % in 2001. TR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 12.851 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
TR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 215,515.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 190,973.000 FTE for 2021. TR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 42,663.480 FTE from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 215,515.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 11,225.000 FTE in 1990. TR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 215,515.000 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force
TR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 5.148 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.853 Per 1000 for 2020. TR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 1.809 Per 1000 from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.148 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 0.611 Per 1000 in 1990. TR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities' own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 5.148 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force from 1990 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment
TR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data was reported at 7.081 Per 1000 in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.696 Per 1000 for 2021. TR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 2.151 Per 1000 from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.081 Per 1000 in 2022 and a record low of 0.688 Per 1000 in 1990. TR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 7.081 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |