Turkey Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual
TR: BERD Financed: Business Sector
TR: BERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 81.223 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 88.243 % for 2021. TR: BERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 90.205 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.879 % in 1991 and a record low of 81.223 % in 2022. TR: BERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 81.223 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD Financed: Business Sector from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: BERD Financed: Government
TR: BERD Financed: Government data was reported at 17.276 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.087 % for 2021. TR: BERD Financed: Government data is updated yearly, averaging 8.412 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.276 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.017 % in 1991. TR: BERD Financed: Government data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 17.276 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD Financed: Government from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: BERD Financed: Higher Education And PNP Sectors
TR: BERD Financed: Higher Education And PNP Sectors data was reported at 0.032 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.050 % for 2021. TR: BERD Financed: Higher Education And PNP Sectors data is updated yearly, averaging 0.250 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.024 % in 2005 and a record low of 0.029 % in 2019. TR: BERD Financed: Higher Education And PNP Sectors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.032 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD Financed: Higher Education And PNP Sectors from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry
TR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry data was reported at 15.327 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 14.641 % for 2020. TR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 15.682 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 38.483 % in 1994 and a record low of 2.990 % in 2014. TR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 15.327 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry from 1990 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry
TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry data was reported at 4.002 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.476 USD bn for 2021. TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 196.621 USD mn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.002 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 58.143 USD mn in 1990. TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3,508.867 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry from 1990 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry
TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry data was reported at 405.117 USD mn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 320.295 USD mn for 2020. TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 215.559 USD mn from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2021, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 405.117 USD mn in 2021 and a record low of 100.092 USD mn in 2010. TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 405.117 2021 | yearly | 2009 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry from 2009 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries
TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries data was reported at 9.527 USD bn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 7.561 USD bn for 2020. TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries data is updated yearly, averaging 391.277 USD mn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.527 USD bn in 2021 and a record low of 2.419 USD mn in 1990. TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 9,527.195 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries from 1990 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry
TR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry data was reported at 1.706 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.770 % for 2021. TR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 2.419 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2022, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.032 % in 2011 and a record low of 1.564 % in 2019. TR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1.770 2021 | yearly | 2009 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry from 2009 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: BERD: % of Value Added
TR: BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 1.163 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.080 % for 2020. TR: BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 0.288 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.163 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.063 % in 1990. TR: BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities' own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.;
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1.163 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD: % of Value Added from 1990 to 2021 in the chart:
TR: BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
TR: BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at -0.244 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 25.650 % for 2021. TR: BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 13.358 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 72.958 % in 2005 and a record low of -21.744 % in 2003. TR: BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| -0.244 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: BERD: PPP: 2015p
TR: BERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 22.718 USD bn in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 22.774 USD bn for 2021. TR: BERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 2.692 USD bn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.774 USD bn in 2021 and a record low of 323.122 USD mn in 1990. TR: BERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 22,718.132 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: BERD: PPP: 2015p from 1990 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
TR: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at -8.181 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 26.047 % for 2021. TR: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 13.424 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 71.742 % in 1991 and a record low of -21.403 % in 1994. TR: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| -8.181 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View Turkey's TR: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
TR: Business-Financed BERD: PPP: 2015p
TR: Business-Financed BERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 18.452 USD bn in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 20.096 USD bn for 2021. TR: Business-Financed BERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 2.423 USD bn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.096 USD bn in 2021 and a record low of 319.945 USD mn in 1990. TR: Business-Financed BERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 18,452.319 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |