Italy Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual
IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at -2.380 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of -1.820 % for 2021. IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.753 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.377 % in 2018 and a record low of -6.194 % in 1991. IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| -2.380 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 70,631.000 FTE in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 72,353.000 FTE for 2021. IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 29,028.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 78,111.000 FTE in 2019 and a record low of 19,457.000 FTE in 1981. IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 70,631.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry
IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data was reported at 3.893 Per 1000 in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.993 Per 1000 for 2020. IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 1.695 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.119 Per 1000 in 2019 and a record low of 1.162 Per 1000 in 1981. IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately. 2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.;
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3.893 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female
IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 24.397 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 23.226 % for 2020. IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 20.625 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24.397 % in 2021 and a record low of 17.457 % in 1998. IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 24.397 2021 | yearly | 1998 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1998 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female
IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 22,761.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 22,604.000 Person for 2020. IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 9,443.500 Person from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 23,341.000 Person in 2019 and a record low of 5,161.000 Person in 1999. IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 22,761.000 2021 | yearly | 1998 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 1998 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
IT: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 6.496 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.905 % for 2022. IT: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.817 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2023, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.665 % in 1982 and a record low of -12.737 % in 1991. IT: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.506 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
IT: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 24,632.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 24,508.000 FTE for 2021. IT: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 14,109.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24,632.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 7,849.000 FTE in 1981. IT: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 24,632.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female
IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 16,552.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 15,568.000 Person for 2020. IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 10,121.000 Person from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16,552.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 6,190.000 Person in 2002. IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 16,552.000 2021 | yearly | 1998 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 1998 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 33,263.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 31,606.000 Person for 2020. IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 22,336.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 33,263.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 16,086.000 Person in 2002. IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 33,263.000 2021 | yearly | 1997 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1997 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at -2.698 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.497 % for 2021. IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.750 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.505 % in 1988 and a record low of -4.694 % in 2001. IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| -2.698 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 40,788.000 FTE in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 41,919.000 FTE for 2021. IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 32,818.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41,919.000 FTE in 2021 and a record low of 20,343.000 FTE in 1981. IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 40,788.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
IT: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 60,657.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 57,204.000 FTE for 2021. IT: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 33,555.500 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 60,657.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 24,397.000 FTE in 1997. IT: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 60,657.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female
IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 42.008 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 41.691 % for 2020. IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 38.322 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42.008 % in 2021 and a record low of 27.596 % in 1998. IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 42.008 2021 | yearly | 1998 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1998 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female
IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 34,895.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 33,553.000 Person for 2020. IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 29,219.000 Person from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 34,895.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 13,579.000 Person in 1998. IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 34,895.000 2021 | yearly | 1998 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 1998 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 83,067.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 80,481.000 Person for 2020. IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 74,940.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 83,067.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 49,207.000 Person in 1998. IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 83,067.000 2021 | yearly | 1997 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1997 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 4.123 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.044 % for 2021. IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.103 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.509 % in 1983 and a record low of -7.940 % in 1984. IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4.123 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 89,560.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 86,014.000 FTE for 2021. IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 59,406.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 89,560.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 32,125.000 FTE in 1981. IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 89,560.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female
IT: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 36.096 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 34.905 % for 2020. IT: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 33.808 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 36.096 % in 2021 and a record low of 26.048 % in 1998. IT: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 36.096 2021 | yearly | 1998 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1998 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Number of Researchers: Female
IT: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 78,539.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 75,762.000 Person for 2020. IT: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 51,085.500 Person from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 78,539.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 25,647.000 Person in 1998. IT: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 78,539.000 2021 | yearly | 1998 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Number of Researchers: Female from 1998 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Number of Researchers: Total
IT: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 217,582.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 217,052.000 Person for 2020. IT: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 149,314.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 222,165.000 Person in 2019 and a record low of 98,459.000 Person in 1998. IT: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 217,582.000 2021 | yearly | 1997 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Number of Researchers: Total from 1997 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total
IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data was reported at 59.494 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 61.875 % for 2020. IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 46.400 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 63.312 % in 2018 and a record low of 40.357 % in 2005. IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately. 2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 59.494 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at -6.243 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of -6.428 % for 2021. IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.655 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.080 % in 2007 and a record low of -6.428 % in 2021. IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| -6.243 2022 | yearly | 1982 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 185,803.000 FTE in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 198,175.000 FTE for 2021. IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 67,507.650 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 225,056.000 FTE in 2019 and a record low of 49,900.000 FTE in 1982. IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 185,803.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry
IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 10.663 Per 1000 in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.477 Per 1000 for 2020. IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 3.850 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.868 Per 1000 in 2019 and a record low of 2.985 Per 1000 in 1982. IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately. 2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.;
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 10.663 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
IT: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 322,982.000 FTE in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 333,103.000 FTE for 2021. IT: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 161,827.800 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 355,854.000 FTE in 2019 and a record low of 102,836.000 FTE in 1981. IT: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 322,982.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force
IT: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 13.163 Per 1000 in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 13.659 Per 1000 for 2020. IT: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 6.559 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.675 Per 1000 in 2019 and a record low of 4.532 Per 1000 in 1981. IT: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately. 2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 13.163 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Italy's IT: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
IT: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
IT: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 160,741.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 158,960.000 FTE for 2021. IT: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 75,898.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 160,824.000 FTE in 2019 and a record low of 52,060.000 FTE in 1981. IT: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.
Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately.
2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 160,741.000 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Italy's IT: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
IT: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force
IT: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 6.281 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.265 Per 1000 for 2020. IT: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 3.236 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.281 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 2.294 Per 1000 in 1981. IT: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. For Italy, the population frame was improved in 2016 (the number of units increased by +18% compared to the 2015 frame) and for the first time, an imputation procedure was applied for handling non responses. In 2005 and 1997, new methods for estimating R&D in universities were introduced, resulting in breaks in series in the higher education sector.Up until 1990, the total expenditure on R&D is overestimated by more than 10% as extramural R&D expenditures is included. From 1991, data on extramural R&D expenditure is available separately. 2010 GBARD data are calculated with a new set of coefficients especially affecting the data on non-oriented research programmes.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6.281 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |