Kuwait Trade Balance
Key information about Kuwait's Trade Balance
- Kuwait's Trade Balance recorded a surplus of 3.0 USD bn in Feb 2024, compared with a surplus of 3.7 USD bn in the previous month
- Kuwait's Trade Balance data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1993 to Feb 2024, with an averaged value of 1.2 USD bn
- The data reached an all-time high of 9.7 USD bn in Mar 2012 and a record low of -429.3 USD mn in Apr 2020
Further information about Kuwait's Trade Balance
- In the latest reports, Kuwait's Total Exports reached 6.1 USD bn in Feb 2024, a decrease of 9.7% YoY (year-on-year)
- Total Imports recorded 3.2 USD bn in Feb 2024, an increase of 9.7% YoY (year-on-year)
View Kuwait's Trade Balance from Jan 1993 to Feb 2024 in the chart:
What was Kuwait's Trade Balance in Feb 2024?
Kuwait's Trade Balance recorded a surplus of 3.0 USD bn in Feb 2024, compared with a surplus of 3.7 USD bn in the previous month See the table below for more data.
Last | Previous | Min | Max | Unit | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,950.3 Feb 2024 | 3,739.7 Jan 2024 | -429.3 Apr 2020 | 9,690.7 Mar 2012 | USD mn | monthly | Jan 1993 - Feb 2024 |
Trade Balance by Country Comparison
country/region | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Albania (USD mn) | -566.6 Jul 2024 | monthly | Oct 1998 - Jul 2024 |
Algeria (USD mn) | -274.8 Mar 2020 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Mar 2020 |
Argentina (USD mn) | 1,589.0 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1991 - Jul 2024 |
Armenia (USD mn) | -314.9 Jun 2024 | monthly | Nov 1995 - Jun 2024 |
Australia (USD mn) | 3,712.2 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jul 1971 - Jun 2024 |
Austria (USD mn) | 325.2 Apr 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Apr 2024 |
Azerbaijan (USD mn) | 1,134.1 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 2000 - May 2024 |
Bahrain (USD mn) | 4,501.7 2023 | yearly | 1966 - 2023 |
Bangladesh (USD mn) | -2,031.5 May 2024 | monthly | Jul 1986 - May 2024 |
Belarus (USD mn) | 241.7 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Jun 2024 |
Belgium (USD mn) | 3,259.1 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 1993 - May 2024 |
Bolivia (USD mn) | 150.9 Jun 2024 | monthly | Oct 1994 - Jun 2024 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina (USD mn) | -598.6 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Jul 2024 |
Botswana (USD mn) | -173.5 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 2001 - May 2024 |
Brazil (USD mn) | 7,639.7 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1959 - Jul 2024 |
Brunei (USD mn) | 256.8 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 2010 - Jun 2024 |
Bulgaria (USD mn) | -352.3 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Jun 2024 |
Cambodia (USD mn) | -91.2 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jun 2013 - Jul 2024 |
Canada (USD mn) | 465.7 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1988 - Jun 2024 |
Chile (USD mn) | 1,294.8 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1968 - Jul 2024 |
China (USD mn) | 84,646.9 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Jul 2024 |
Colombia (USD mn) | -838.6 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1958 - Jun 2024 |
Croatia (USD mn) | -2,058.0 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 1993 - May 2024 |
Cyprus (USD mn) | -482.1 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jun 2024 |
Czech Republic (USD mn) | 2,077.5 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 1996 - May 2024 |
Denmark (USD mn) | 821.7 Mar 2024 | monthly | Jan 1997 - Mar 2024 |
Ecuador (USD mn) | 698.9 May 2024 | monthly | Mar 1992 - May 2024 |
Egypt (USD mn) | -2,871.0 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jun 2024 |
Estonia (USD mn) | -288.6 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Jun 2024 |
European Union (USD mn) | 16,314.3 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Jun 2024 |
Finland (USD mn) | -103.5 Jan 2024 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Jan 2024 |
France (USD mn) | -6,552.5 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Jun 2024 |
Georgia (USD mn) | -735.7 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Jul 2024 |
Germany (USD mn) | 21,978.0 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jun 2024 |
Ghana (USD mn) | 539.1 Dec 2023 | monthly | Mar 2005 - Dec 2023 |
Greece (USD mn) | -2,533.2 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Jun 2024 |
Hong Kong SAR, China (USD mn) | -7,137.1 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jun 2024 |
Hungary (USD mn) | 1,081.9 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 1976 - May 2024 |
Iceland (USD mn) | -305.0 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jun 2024 |
India (USD mn) | -23,500.0 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jul 2024 |
Indonesia (USD mn) | 472.0 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1967 - Jul 2024 |
Iran (USD mn) | 32,176.0 2023 | yearly | 1948 - 2023 |
Ireland (USD mn) | 7,654.7 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 1970 - May 2024 |
Israel (USD mn) | -3,292.5 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1988 - Jul 2024 |
Italy (USD mn) | 4,794.9 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Jun 2024 |
Ivory Coast (USD mn) | 2,900.6 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 1981 - May 2024 |
Japan (USD mn) | -4,794.7 Jul 2024 | monthly | Apr 1995 - Jul 2024 |
Jordan (USD mn) | -811.7 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1972 - Jun 2024 |
Kazakhstan (USD mn) | 1,782.9 May 2024 | monthly | Sep 1995 - May 2024 |
Kenya (USD mn) | -887.7 May 2024 | monthly | Oct 1992 - May 2024 |
South Korea (USD mn) | 3,830.0 Aug 2024 | monthly | Jan 1966 - Aug 2024 |
Kosovo (USD mn) | -537.9 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Jul 2024 |
Kuwait (USD mn) | 2,950.3 Feb 2024 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Feb 2024 |
Kyrgyzstan (USD mn) | -624.9 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Jun 2024 |
Laos (USD mn) | -170.9 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Dec 1992 - Dec 2023 |
Latvia (USD mn) | -396.9 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Jun 2024 |
Lebanon (USD mn) | -1,062.6 Dec 2023 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Dec 2023 |
Lithuania (USD mn) | -468.4 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1999 - Jun 2024 |
Luxembourg (USD mn) | -703.8 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1988 - Jun 2024 |
Macau SAR, China (USD mn) | -1,129.2 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1998 - Jun 2024 |
North Macedonia (USD mn) | -229.5 Jun 2024 | monthly | Dec 1993 - Jun 2024 |
Malawi (USD mn) | -194.6 Mar 2024 | monthly | Jan 1964 - Mar 2024 |
Malaysia (USD mn) | 2,026.8 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1990 - Jun 2024 |
Malta (USD mn) | -335.7 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1960 - Jun 2024 |
Mauritius (USD mn) | -319.9 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 2006 - May 2024 |
Mexico (USD mn) | -1,944.1 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Jun 2024 |
Moldova (USD mn) | -404.5 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Jun 2024 |
Mongolia (USD mn) | 344.2 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1997 - Jul 2024 |
Montenegro (USD mn) | -382.0 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 2005 - Jul 2024 |
Morocco (USD mn) | -2,995.1 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jul 2024 |
Mozambique (USD mn) | -61.7 Mar 2024 | monthly | Jan 2011 - Mar 2024 |
Myanmar (USD mn) | 183.9 Jul 2022 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jul 2022 |
Nepal (USD mn) | -944.3 Jul 2024 | monthly | Aug 1974 - Jul 2024 |
Netherlands (USD mn) | 14,326.6 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1996 - Jun 2024 |
New Zealand (USD mn) | -580.6 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1960 - Jul 2024 |
Nigeria (USD mn) | 1,428.5 Mar 2024 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Mar 2024 |
Norway (USD mn) | 5,459.0 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - May 2024 |
Oman (USD mn) | 1,016.2 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 1975 - May 2024 |
Pakistan (USD mn) | -1,971.3 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1968 - Jul 2024 |
Palestinian Territory (USD mn) | -359.1 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 2011 - Jun 2024 |
Panama (USD mn) | -1,042.7 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1964 - Jun 2024 |
Paraguay (USD mn) | 23.5 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
Peru (USD mn) | 2,466.4 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1985 - Jun 2024 |
Philippines (USD mn) | -4,303.6 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jun 2024 |
Poland (USD mn) | 87.0 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 1986 - May 2024 |
Portugal (USD mn) | -2,035.9 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jun 2024 |
Qatar (USD mn) | 5,377.7 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 2014 - Jun 2024 |
Romania (USD mn) | -2,990.8 Jun 2024 | monthly | Aug 1990 - Jun 2024 |
Russia (USD mn) | 12,437.0 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1998 - Jun 2024 |
Saudi Arabia (USD mn) | 113,078.6 2023 | yearly | 1957 - 2023 |
Serbia (USD mn) | -928.0 May 2024 | monthly | Jan 2001 - May 2024 |
Singapore (USD mn) | 4,820.3 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1976 - Jul 2024 |
Slovakia (USD mn) | 696.8 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 2004 - Jun 2024 |
Slovenia (USD mn) | -692.8 Jun 2024 | monthly | Nov 1991 - Jun 2024 |
South Africa (USD mn) | 965.0 Jul 2024 | monthly | Oct 2004 - Jul 2024 |
Spain (USD mn) | -4,050.1 May 2024 | monthly | Jun 1974 - May 2024 |
Sri Lanka (USD mn) | -603.8 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1982 - Jul 2024 |
Sudan (USD mn) | -829.9 Dec 2022 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2022 |
Sweden (USD mn) | 829.6 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jun 2024 |
Switzerland (USD mn) | 8,174.5 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jul 2024 |
Accurate Macro & Micro Economic Data You Can Trust
Explore the most complete set of 6.6 million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors.
Learn more about what we doKuwait Key Series
Government and Public Finance | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Consolidated Fiscal Balance: % of GDP (%) | -3.1 2023 | yearly | 1988 - 2023 |
Consolidated Fiscal Balance (USD mn) | -5,077.511 2023 | yearly | 1988 - 2023 |
Tax Revenue (USD mn) | 128.142 Dec 2015 | monthly | Sep 2003 - Dec 2015 |
Tax Revenue: % of GDP (%) | 1.1 2023 | yearly | 1986 - 2023 |
National Government Debt (USD mn) | 490.8 Jul 2024 | monthly | Dec 1993 - Jul 2024 |
Government Debt: % of GDP (%) | 0.4 Mar 2024 | quarterly | Dec 2010 - Mar 2024 |
Forecast: Government Expenditure (KWD bn) | 28.396 2028 | yearly | 1985 - 2028 |
Forecast: Government Net Debt (KWD bn) | 14.118 2029 | yearly | 1991 - 2029 |
Forecast: Government Revenue (KWD bn) | 42.514 2029 | yearly | 1985 - 2029 |
Government Fiscal Balance: ytd (KWD mn) | -1,561.505 Mar 2024 | monthly | Apr 2018 - Mar 2024 |
Government Revenue: ytd: Non Oil: Tax and Fees (KWD mn) | 550.910 Mar 2024 | monthly | Apr 2018 - Mar 2024 |
Government Expenditure: ytd: Purchases of Non Financial Assets (KWD mn) | 1,307.114 Mar 2024 | monthly | Apr 2018 - Mar 2024 |
Government Revenue: ytd: Non Oil (KWD mn) | 2,116.770 Mar 2024 | monthly | Apr 2018 - Mar 2024 |
Government Revenue: ytd (KWD mn) | 23,644.325 Mar 2024 | monthly | Apr 2018 - Mar 2024 |
Government Expenditure: ytd: Current (KWD mn) | 23,898.716 Mar 2024 | monthly | Apr 2018 - Mar 2024 |
Government Expenditure: ytd (KWD mn) | 25,205.830 Mar 2024 | monthly | Apr 2018 - Mar 2024 |
Government Expenditure (KWD mn) | 18,245.900 2016 | yearly | 1989 - 2016 |
Government Revenue (KWD mn) | 13,633.900 2016 | yearly | 1987 - 2016 |
Government Revenue: Tax (KWD mn) | 486.000 2016 | yearly | 1987 - 2016 |
Government Expenditure: Current (KWD mn) | 12,125.900 2016 | yearly | 1989 - 2016 |
Government Expenditure: Capital (KWD mn) | 226.000 2016 | yearly | 1989 - 2016 |
Government Surplus/Deficit (KWD mn) | -1,561.505 2024 | yearly | 1989 - 2024 |
Public Debt (KWD mn) | 150.000 Jul 2024 | monthly | Dec 1993 - Jul 2024 |
Foreign Trade | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Forecast: Exports of Goods Growth (%) | 2.994 2028 | yearly | 1980 - 2028 |
Trade Balance (USD mn) | 2,950.3 Feb 2024 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Feb 2024 |
Total Exports (USD mn) | 6,145.8 Feb 2024 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Feb 2024 |
Total Exports Growth (%) | -12.6 Feb 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Feb 2024 |
Aluminum: Exports (USD th) | 56,889.308 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
Exports: Medicament (USD th) | 529,113.260 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
Exports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) | 17,111.420 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
Total Imports (USD mn) | 3,025.0 Mar 2024 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Mar 2024 |
Total Imports Growth (%) | 9.7 Feb 2024 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Feb 2024 |
Imports: Medicament (USD th) | 1,144,894.403 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
Imports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) | 442,329.808 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
Total Exports to USA (USD mn) | 4.696 May 2024 | monthly | Sep 1991 - May 2024 |
Total Imports from USA (USD mn) | 280.072 Feb 2024 | monthly | Jan 2017 - Feb 2024 |
Total Exports to China (USD mn) | 43.131 Mar 2024 | monthly | Jan 2017 - Mar 2024 |
Total Imports from China (USD mn) | 617.874 Feb 2024 | monthly | Jan 2017 - Feb 2024 |
Trade Balance: Quarterly (KWD mn) | 2,789.603 Dec 2018 | quarterly | Mar 1973 - Dec 2018 |
Exports: FOB: Growth Rate: YoY (%) | -2.326 Mar 2024 | monthly | Apr 2020 - Mar 2024 |
Exports: SITC: Other Manufactured Articles (KWD mn) | 36.800 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Sep 2014 - Sep 2018 |
Exports: SITC: Food and Live Animals (KWD mn) | 39.900 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Sep 2014 - Sep 2018 |
Export Value Index (2015=100) | 116.639 2021 | yearly | 1980 - 2021 |
Import Value Index (2015=100) | 102.988 2021 | yearly | 1980 - 2021 |
Balance of Payments | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Direct Investment Abroad (USD mn) | 636.6 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2023 |
Current Account Balance (USD mn) | 13,349.9 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2023 |
Current Account Balance: % of GDP (%) | 32.0 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2023 |
Foreign Direct Investment (USD mn) | 537.1 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2023 |
Foreign Direct Investment: % of GDP (%) | 1.3 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2023 |
Foreign Portfolio Investment (USD mn) | -26.269 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2023 |
Foreign Portfolio Investment: % of GDP (%) | -0.1 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2023 |
Foreign Portfolio Investment: Equity Securities (USD mn) | -47.7 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2023 |
Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities (USD mn) | 21.404 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2023 |
External Debt (USD mn) | 64,616.5 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 2018 - Dec 2023 |
External Debt: % of GDP (%) | 39.4 2023 | yearly | 2014 - 2023 |
Forecast: Current Account Balance (USD bn) | 31.307 2029 | yearly | 1980 - 2029 |
Net International Investment Position (USD mn) | 113,840.261 2023 | yearly | 2001 - 2023 |
BoP: FA: Other Investments (OT) (KWD mn) | -1,407.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: FA: OT: Assets (KWD mn) | -2,795.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: FA: Reserve Assets: Central Bank of Kuwait (CBK) (KWD mn) | 448.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: FA: OT: Liabilities (KWD mn) | 1,389.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: FA: Portfolio Investment: Liabilities (KWD mn) | 10.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: FA: Portfolio Investment: Assets (KWD mn) | -1,260.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: CA: Primary Income: Debit (KWD mn) | 0.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: CA: Secondary Income: Credit (KWD mn) | 0.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: CA: Debit (KWD mn) | 0.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: Capital Account: Debit (KWD mn) | 5.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: Net Errors and Omissions (KWD mn) | 493.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: FA: Financial Derivatives: Liabilities (KWD mn) | 40.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: FA: Financial Derivatives: Assets (KWD mn) | -36.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
BoP: FA: Portfolio Investment: Liabilities: Debt Instruments (KWD mn) | 0.000 Sep 2018 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2018 |
Monetary | Last | Frequency | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Non Performing Loans Ratio (%) | 1.6 Mar 2024 | quarterly | Mar 2011 - Mar 2024 |
Household Debt: % of GDP (%) | 0.7 Mar 2024 | quarterly | Dec 2010 - Mar 2024 |
Money Supply M1 (USD mn) | 33,266.361 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
Money Supply M2 (USD mn) | 130,627.945 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
M2 Growth (%) | 1.9 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Jul 2024 |
Foreign Exchange Reserves (USD mn) | 41,795.4 Jun 2024 | monthly | Jan 1964 - Jun 2024 |
Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP (%) | 26.120 Mar 2024 | quarterly | Dec 2010 - Mar 2024 |
Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import (NA) | 13.8 Mar 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1973 - Mar 2024 |
Gold Reserves (USD mn) | 103.730 Jul 2024 | monthly | Dec 1961 - Jul 2024 |
Total Deposits (USD mn) | 161,920.157 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
Total Deposits Growth (%) | 4.0 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Jul 2024 |
Domestic Credit (USD mn) | 129,725.8 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
Domestic Credit Growth (%) | 2.1 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Jul 2024 |
Household Debt (USD mn) | 1,457.8 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Jul 2024 |
Total Loans (USD mn) | 181,207.134 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
Total Loans Growth (%) | 5.19 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Jul 2024 |
Private Debt: % of Nominal GDP (%) | 103.30 Mar 2024 | quarterly | Dec 2010 - Mar 2024 |
Money Supply: M3: M2: M1: Currency in Circulation (KWD mn) | 1,557.500 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
Money Supply: M3 (KWD mn) | 39,919.900 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
Monetary Survey: CBK and Local Banks: Money Supply M2: M1 (KWD mn) | 10,166.200 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
Monetary Survey: CBK and Local Banks: Money Supply M2 (KWD mn) | 39,919.900 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
Local Banks Time Deposits (KWD mn) | 63,802.600 Jul 2024 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Jul 2024 |
More Indicators for Kuwait
Request a demo of CEIC
CEIC’s economic databases cover over 200 global markets. Our Platform offers the most reliable macroeconomic data and advanced analytical tools.