Greece Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual
GR: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP
GR: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data was reported at 0.545 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.526 % for 2020. GR: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.361 % from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2021, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.545 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.203 % in 2011. GR: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.545 2021 | yearly | 2011 - 2021 |
View Greece's GR: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP from 2011 to 2021 in the chart:
GR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP
GR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.558 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.604 % for 2020. GR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.201 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.604 % in 2020 and a record low of 0.032 % in 1981. GR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.558 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Greece's GR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
GR: GERD Financed: Government
GR: GERD Financed: Government data was reported at 44.455 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 42.669 % for 2020. GR: GERD Financed: Government data is updated yearly, averaging 49.799 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 78.565 % in 1981 and a record low of 37.623 % in 2017. GR: GERD Financed: Government data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 44.455 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Greece's GR: GERD Financed: Government from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
GR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World
GR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data was reported at 14.385 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 14.423 % for 2020. GR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data is updated yearly, averaging 14.488 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 30.314 % in 1993 and a record low of 0.000 % in 1981. GR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 14.385 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Greece's GR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
GR: GERD Performed: Government Sector
GR: GERD Performed: Government Sector data was reported at 20.987 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 22.310 % for 2021. GR: GERD Performed: Government Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 23.773 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 63.080 % in 1981 and a record low of 19.834 % in 2004. GR: GERD Performed: Government Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 20.987 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: GERD Performed: Government Sector from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector
GR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data was reported at 29.362 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 30.053 % for 2021. GR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 36.916 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50.596 % in 1997 and a record low of 14.459 % in 1981. GR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 29.362 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP
GR: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data was reported at 572.778 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 478.124 % for 2021. GR: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 168.751 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 572.778 % in 2022 and a record low of 13.616 % in 1981. GR: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 572.778 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: GERD: % of GDP
GR: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 1.493 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.458 % for 2021. GR: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.591 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.511 % in 2020 and a record low of 0.148 % in 1981. GR: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1.493 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: GERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: GERD: Current PPP
GR: GERD: Current PPP data was reported at 6.399 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.008 USD bn for 2022. GR: GERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.873 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.399 USD bn in 2023 and a record low of 133.841 USD mn in 1981. GR: GERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2023 onwards, the EU contribution regarding projects financed by European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) is no longer included in GBARD data. From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6,059.175 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: GERD: Current PPP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: GOVERD: Current PPP
GR: GOVERD: Current PPP data was reported at 1.272 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.135 USD bn for 2021. GR: GOVERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 417.374 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.272 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 84.428 USD mn in 1981. GR: GOVERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1,271.641 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: GOVERD: Current PPP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p
GR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 980.837 USD mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 964.518 USD mn for 2021. GR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 491.112 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 980.837 USD mn in 2022 and a record low of 200.644 USD mn in 1981. GR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 980.837 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP
GR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.648 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.645 % for 2020. GR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.278 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.648 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.116 % in 1981. GR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.648 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Greece's GR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
GR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD)
GR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data was reported at 3,084.820 EUR mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,645.942 EUR mn for 2021. GR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 1,339.600 EUR mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,084.820 EUR mn in 2022 and a record low of 12.570 EUR mn in 1981. GR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3,084.820 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: HERD Financed: Business Sector
GR: HERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 7.585 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.535 % for 2020. GR: HERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 6.347 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.957 % in 2011 and a record low of 0.000 % in 1986. GR: HERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 7.585 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Greece's GR: HERD Financed: Business Sector from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
GR: HERD: % of GDP
GR: HERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.436 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.436 % for 2022. GR: HERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.274 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.473 % in 2020 and a record low of 0.022 % in 1981. GR: HERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2023 onwards, the EU contribution regarding projects financed by European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) is no longer included in GBARD data. From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.438 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: HERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
GR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 5.618 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of -1.145 % for 2021. GR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 5.684 % from Dec 1986 (Median) to 2022, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24.400 % in 1993 and a record low of -12.608 % in 2016. GR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 5.618 2022 | yearly | 1986 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1986 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: HERD: PPP: 2015p
GR: HERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 1.372 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.299 USD bn for 2021. GR: HERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 876.251 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.372 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 45.991 USD mn in 1981. GR: HERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1,372.244 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Greece's GR: HERD: PPP: 2015p from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
GR: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD)
GR: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data was reported at 905.764 EUR mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 795.186 EUR mn for 2021. GR: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 540.570 EUR mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 905.764 EUR mn in 2022 and a record low of 1.817 EUR mn in 1981. GR: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Greece, in 2011, the following methodological improvements resulted in a break in series: in the business enterprise sector, a new population frame was defined to cover all R&D-performing firms; in the government sector, the coverage was extended to also cover public hospitals as well as all institutions administered by the Ministry of Culture; in the higher education sector, all Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) and post-secondary establishments were included. These methodological changes were also applied to estimate the total GERD, BERD, GOVERD, and HERD between 2008 and 2010.
The methods for estimating R&D in the Higher Education sector changed in 1983, 1989, and 1995.
From 2008, GBARD data are exclusively based on R&D funders. Part of the increase in 2008 is also explained by a better identification of GBARD for cultural and archaeological activities.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 905.764 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |