France Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual
FR: BERD Financed: Rest of The World
FR: BERD Financed: Rest of The World data was reported at 8.616 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 8.242 % for 2020. FR: BERD Financed: Rest of The World data is updated yearly, averaging 9.138 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.023 % in 1992 and a record low of 4.571 % in 1983. FR: BERD Financed: Rest of The World data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 8.616 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View France's FR: BERD Financed: Rest of The World from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
FR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry
FR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry data was reported at 10.570 % in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.409 % for 2019. FR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 11.645 % from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2020, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.516 % in 2007 and a record low of 10.409 % in 2019. FR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 10.570 2020 | yearly | 2007 - 2020 |
View France's FR: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry from 2007 to 2020 in the chart:
FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Aerospace Industry
FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Aerospace Industry data was reported at 4.349 USD bn in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.657 USD bn for 2019. FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Aerospace Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 3.441 USD bn from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2020, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.657 USD bn in 2019 and a record low of 2.651 USD bn in 2009. FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Aerospace Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4,349.044 2020 | yearly | 2007 - 2020 |
View France's FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Aerospace Industry from 2007 to 2020 in the chart:
FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry
FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry data was reported at 5.281 USD bn in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.193 USD bn for 2019. FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 4.574 USD bn from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2020, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.281 USD bn in 2020 and a record low of 3.616 USD bn in 2010. FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 5,280.761 2020 | yearly | 2007 - 2020 |
View France's FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry from 2007 to 2020 in the chart:
FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry
FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry data was reported at 1.094 USD bn in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.116 USD bn for 2019. FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 1.081 USD bn from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2020, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.237 USD bn in 2007 and a record low of 956.650 USD mn in 2012. FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1,093.709 2020 | yearly | 2007 - 2020 |
View France's FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry from 2007 to 2020 in the chart:
FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries
FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries data was reported at 26.124 USD bn in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 25.518 USD bn for 2019. FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries data is updated yearly, averaging 17.614 USD bn from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2020, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26.124 USD bn in 2020 and a record low of 10.845 USD bn in 2007. FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 26,123.764 2020 | yearly | 2007 - 2020 |
View France's FR: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries from 2007 to 2020 in the chart:
FR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry
FR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry data was reported at 2.189 % in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.237 % for 2019. FR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 2.718 % from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2020, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.441 % in 2007 and a record low of 2.189 % in 2020. FR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.189 2020 | yearly | 2007 - 2020 |
View France's FR: BERD Performed: Pharmaceutical Industry from 2007 to 2020 in the chart:
FR: BERD Performed: Service Industries
FR: BERD Performed: Service Industries data was reported at 52.289 % in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 51.147 % for 2019. FR: BERD Performed: Service Industries data is updated yearly, averaging 46.593 % from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2020, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 52.289 % in 2020 and a record low of 38.933 % in 2007. FR: BERD Performed: Service Industries data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 52.289 2020 | yearly | 2007 - 2020 |
View France's FR: BERD Performed: Service Industries from 2007 to 2020 in the chart:
FR: BERD: % of Value Added
FR: BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 2.557 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.653 % for 2020. FR: BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 2.215 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.653 % in 2020 and a record low of 1.708 % in 1981. FR: BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.557 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View France's FR: BERD: % of Value Added from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
FR: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD)
FR: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD) data was reported at 37,782.026 EUR mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 36,477.729 EUR mn for 2021. FR: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 21,214.166 EUR mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37,782.026 EUR mn in 2022 and a record low of 5,610.932 EUR mn in 1981. FR: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 37,782.026 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View France's FR: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD) from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
FR: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added
FR: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 2.090 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.206 % for 2020. FR: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 1.741 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.206 % in 2020 and a record low of 1.165 % in 1981. FR: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.090 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View France's FR: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
FR: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
FR: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 2.140 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of -4.854 % for 2020. FR: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.338 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2021, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.369 % in 1982 and a record low of -4.854 % in 2020. FR: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.140 2021 | yearly | 1982 - 2021 |