Sweden Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual

SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total

SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 74.905 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 74.621 % for 2021. SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 61.885 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 74.905 % in 2022 and a record low of 48.177 % in 1989. SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate

SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 6.837 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.840 % for 2021. SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 3.866 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.236 % in 2008 and a record low of -11.840 % in 2009. SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent

SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 67,521.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 63,200.000 FTE for 2021. SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 29,426.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 67,521.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 9,587.000 FTE in 1981. SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry

SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data was reported at 19.055 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 17.337 Per 1000 for 2020. SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 9.951 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.055 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 3.363 Per 1000 in 1981. SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

View Sweden's SE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female

SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 25.619 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 23.932 % for 2019. SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 25.067 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2021, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 25.657 % in 2011 and a record low of 21.553 % in 2015. SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 2003 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total

SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 70,135.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 63,505.000 Person for 2019. SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 37,814.000 Person from Dec 1993 (Median) to 2021, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70,135.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 17,468.000 Person in 1993. SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1993 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate

SE: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 5.011 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.780 % for 2021. SE: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.212 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.579 % in 2010 and a record low of -16.215 % in 2009. SE: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent

SE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 4,212.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,011.026 FTE for 2021. SE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 2,307.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,212.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 1,438.000 FTE in 1981. SE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female

SE: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 6,298.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 5,680.000 Person for 2019. SE: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 3,243.000 Person from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2021, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,017.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 862.000 Person in 2009. SE: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 2003 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate

SE: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 5.293 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of -5.856 % for 2021. SE: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 3.695 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.237 % in 2019 and a record low of -11.280 % in 2017. SE: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent

SE: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 18,409.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 17,483.563 FTE for 2021. SE: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 16,308.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19,726.000 FTE in 2016 and a record low of 6,800.000 FTE in 1981. SE: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female

SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 46.602 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 44.529 % for 2019. SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 44.471 % from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2021, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 53.175 % in 2001 and a record low of 37.631 % in 1999. SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 1999 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female

SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 16,960.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 16,112.000 Person for 2019. SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 16,797.000 Person from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2021, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19,696.000 Person in 2015 and a record low of 11,106.000 Person in 1999. SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 1999 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate

SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 3.911 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of -6.322 % for 2021. SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.259 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.504 % in 2019 and a record low of -7.857 % in 2017. SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent

SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 20,982.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 20,192.315 FTE for 2021. SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 19,453.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22,410.000 FTE in 2014 and a record low of 11,500.000 FTE in 1981. SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female

SE: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 34.626 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 33.271 % for 2019. SE: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 34.626 % from Dec 2005 (Median) to 2021, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.237 % in 2011 and a record low of 32.633 % in 2017. SE: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 2005 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Number of Researchers: Female

SE: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 41,226.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 36,990.000 Person for 2019. SE: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 33,876.000 Person from Dec 2005 (Median) to 2021, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41,226.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 24,958.000 Person in 2007. SE: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Number of Researchers: Female from 2005 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total

SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data was reported at 73.685 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 71.549 % for 2020. SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 68.878 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 73.894 % in 2008 and a record low of 62.391 % in 1993. SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

View Sweden's SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate

SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 8.567 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.146 % for 2021. SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.920 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.414 % in 2016 and a record low of -5.075 % in 2009. SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate

SE: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 7.297 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.070 % for 2021. SE: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.258 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.544 % in 2016 and a record low of -2.748 % in 2009. SE: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate

SE: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 6.432 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.751 % for 2021. SE: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 3.869 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.622 % in 2008 and a record low of -5.798 % in 2009. SE: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2022 in the chart:

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SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force

SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 15.163 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 14.512 Per 1000 for 2020. SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 10.109 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.163 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 4.120 Per 1000 in 1981. SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

View Sweden's SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment

SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data was reported at 17.352 Per 1000 in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 16.746 Per 1000 for 2021. SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 11.111 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.352 Per 1000 in 2022 and a record low of 4.219 Per 1000 in 1981. SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.

Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.

Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.

From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.

In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.

Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.

View Sweden's SE: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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