Sweden Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual
SE: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP
SE: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 2.064 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.115 % for 2019. SE: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 2.022 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.779 % in 2001 and a record low of 1.113 % in 1981. SE: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.064 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Sweden's SE: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
SE: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP
SE: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP data was reported at 3.152 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.105 % for 2011. SE: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 3.087 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2013, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.673 % in 2001 and a record low of 2.115 % in 1983. SE: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3.137 2013 | yearly | 1983 - 2013 |
View Sweden's SE: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP from 1983 to 2013 in the chart:
SE: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector
SE: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data was reported at 60.653 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 62.420 % for 2019. SE: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 60.956 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 71.732 % in 2001 and a record low of 54.856 % in 1981. SE: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 60.653 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Sweden's SE: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
SE: GERD Financed: Government
SE: GERD Financed: Government data was reported at 23.255 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 24.242 % for 2019. SE: GERD Financed: Government data is updated yearly, averaging 27.226 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42.322 % in 1981 and a record low of 22.293 % in 2001. SE: GERD Financed: Government data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 23.255 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Sweden's SE: GERD Financed: Government from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
SE: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors
SE: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors data was reported at 4.137 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.249 % for 2019. SE: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors data is updated yearly, averaging 3.021 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.284 % in 2015 and a record low of 1.133 % in 1983. SE: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4.137 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Sweden's SE: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
SE: GERD: % of GDP
SE: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 3.408 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.402 % for 2021. SE: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 3.260 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.874 % in 2001 and a record low of 2.029 % in 1981. SE: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3.408 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: GERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
SE: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 2.846 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.487 % for 2021. SE: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.969 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.347 % in 2001 and a record low of -6.399 % in 2009. SE: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.846 2022 | yearly | 1983 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: GERD: Current PPP
SE: GERD: Current PPP data was reported at 24.336 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 22.458 USD bn for 2021. SE: GERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 12.104 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24.336 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 2.082 USD bn in 1981. SE: GERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 24,335.960 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: GERD: Current PPP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: GERD: PPP: 2015p
SE: GERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 19.031 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 18.504 USD bn for 2021. SE: GERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 13.848 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.031 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 4.623 USD bn in 1981. SE: GERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 19,031.005 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: GERD: PPP: 2015p from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector
SE: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 4.362 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.889 % for 2019. SE: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 4.362 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.066 % in 1989 and a record low of 1.311 % in 2005. SE: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4.362 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Sweden's SE: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
SE: GOVERD: % of GDP
SE: GOVERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.143 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.150 % for 2021. SE: GOVERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.121 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.164 % in 2005 and a record low of 0.100 % in 1989. SE: GOVERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.143 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: GOVERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: GOVERD: Current PPP
SE: GOVERD: Current PPP data was reported at 1.024 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 991.095 USD mn for 2021. SE: GOVERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 531.675 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.024 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 126.883 USD mn in 1981. SE: GOVERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1,024.354 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: GOVERD: Current PPP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p
SE: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 801.057 USD mn in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 816.626 USD mn for 2021. SE: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 538.501 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 816.626 USD mn in 2021 and a record low of 268.653 USD mn in 1983. SE: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 801.057 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD)
SE: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data was reported at 8,566.761 SEK mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 8,237.662 SEK mn for 2021. SE: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 4,687.000 SEK mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,566.761 SEK mn in 2022 and a record low of 811.700 SEK mn in 1981. SE: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 8,566.761 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP
SE: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.791 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.821 % for 2019. SE: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.872 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.985 % in 1989 and a record low of 0.791 % in 2021. SE: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.791 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Sweden's SE: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
SE: HERD Financed: Business Sector
SE: HERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 2.830 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.270 % for 2019. SE: HERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 4.564 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.889 % in 1989 and a record low of 2.278 % in 1981. SE: HERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.830 2021 | yearly | 1981 - 2021 |
View Sweden's SE: HERD Financed: Business Sector from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:
SE: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
SE: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at -1.679 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.983 % for 2021. SE: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 3.399 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.153 % in 2009 and a record low of -6.791 % in 1991. SE: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| -1.679 2022 | yearly | 1983 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: HERD: Current PPP
SE: HERD: Current PPP data was reported at 5.357 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.171 USD bn for 2021. SE: HERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 2.653 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.357 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 624.487 USD mn in 1981. SE: HERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 5,357.092 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: HERD: Current PPP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: HERD: PPP: 2015p
SE: HERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 4.189 USD bn in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.261 USD bn for 2021. SE: HERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 3.036 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.318 USD bn in 2018 and a record low of 1.386 USD bn in 1981. SE: HERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4,189.308 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |
View Sweden's SE: HERD: PPP: 2015p from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:
SE: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD)
SE: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data was reported at 44,801.815 SEK mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 42,980.999 SEK mn for 2021. SE: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 23,535.000 SEK mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 44,801.815 SEK mn in 2022 and a record low of 3,995.000 SEK mn in 1981. SE: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In Sweden, funds from the ALF agreement (agreement between central government and seven regions on physician education and clinical research) are reported as GOVERD expenditure from 2019, whereas they were previously reported as HERD. The organisation of the police force was changed in 2015 and this has altered the coverage of the R&D personnel figures (in the government sector) received through survey responses. Part of personnel data were reallocated from the category ”technicians” to the category “researchers” in 2013. In 2011 and 2009, the PNP sector decreased due to a new sampling method. In 2011, for personnel data, the institutional coverage of the Government sector was improved.
Beginning 2007, researchers in the Business enterprise, Government and PNP sectors are now surveyed by occupation; prior to that year, data correspond to university graduates instead of researchers.
Until 2005, R&D data for Sweden were underestimated: R&D in the Government sector covered central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees were excluded from the coverage. Moreover, prior to 1993 the surveys in the Business Enterprise, Government and Private Non-Profit sectors excluded R&D in the SSH. Also beginning 2005, FTE on R&D in the Higher education sector reflects a change in survey method. Concerning the Government sector, beginning 2005, the data exclude R&D personnel from the County councils, resulting in the personnel data being underestimated.
From 1997, funding from the Public Research Foundations, previously classified in the PNP sector, is considered as funding from the government sector, due to their re-classification.
In 1995, some institutions from the PNP sector were reclassified to the Business Enterprise or Government sectors; in the Higher Education sector, capital expenditures are excluded.
Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD by approximately 1.46 billion SEK. From 1998, GBARD series refer to the calendar year (January-December) instead of the period July-June which had been used until 1994. Budget allocations for 1995 and 1996 are estimates based on the period July 1995-December 1996. Also from 1998, funding by Public Research Foundations is excluded from the GBARD data.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 44,801.815 2022 | yearly | 1981 - 2022 |