New Zealand Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual

NZ: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP

2001 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data was reported at 0.288 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.315 % for 2019. NZ: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.338 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2021, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.504 % in 2001 and a record low of 0.277 % in 2015. NZ: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
0.288 2021 yearly 2001 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP from 2001 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP

NZ: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data was reported at 50.133 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 49.945 % for 2019. NZ: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 37.805 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50.133 % in 2021 and a record low of 18.121 % in 1981. NZ: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
50.133 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector

NZ: GERD Financed: Rest of The World

1989 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data was reported at 7.953 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.057 % for 2019. NZ: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data is updated yearly, averaging 5.216 % from Dec 1989 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.057 % in 2019 and a record low of 1.963 % in 1989. NZ: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
7.953 2021 yearly 1989 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: GERD Financed: Rest of The World from 1989 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: GERD Financed: Rest of The World

NZ: GERD Performed: Business Enterprise Sector

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: GERD Performed: Business Enterprise Sector data was reported at 59.018 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 59.552 % for 2019. NZ: GERD Performed: Business Enterprise Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 37.000 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 59.552 % in 2019 and a record low of 21.667 % in 1981. NZ: GERD Performed: Business Enterprise Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
59.018 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: GERD Performed: Business Enterprise Sector from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: GERD Performed: Business Enterprise Sector

NZ: GERD Performed: Government Sector

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: GERD Performed: Government Sector data was reported at 17.123 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 16.663 % for 2019. NZ: GERD Performed: Government Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 32.227 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 60.093 % in 1983 and a record low of 16.663 % in 2019. NZ: GERD Performed: Government Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
17.123 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

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New Zealand NZ: GERD Performed: Government Sector

NZ: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data was reported at 23.858 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 23.785 % for 2019. NZ: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 30.217 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 36.443 % in 1997 and a record low of 15.015 % in 1983. NZ: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
23.858 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector

NZ: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data was reported at 706.045 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 631.682 % for 2019. NZ: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 246.588 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 706.045 % in 2021 and a record low of 91.563 % in 1981. NZ: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
706.045 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

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New Zealand NZ: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP

NZ: GERD: % of GDP

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 1.464 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.407 % for 2019. NZ: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.100 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.464 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.837 % in 1989. NZ: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
1.466 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

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New Zealand NZ: GERD: % of GDP

NZ: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector

1989 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 17.778 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 25.989 % for 2019. NZ: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 17.617 % from Dec 1989 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 25.989 % in 2019 and a record low of 5.711 % in 1991. NZ: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
17.778 2021 yearly 1989 - 2021

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New Zealand NZ: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector

NZ: GOVERD: Current PPP

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | USD mn | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: GOVERD: Current PPP data was reported at 618.236 USD mn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 527.612 USD mn for 2019. NZ: GOVERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 308.143 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 618.236 USD mn in 2021 and a record low of 173.541 USD mn in 1981. NZ: GOVERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
618.236 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

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New Zealand NZ: GOVERD: Current PPP

NZ: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD)

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | NZD mn | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data was reported at 900.000 NZD mn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 758.000 NZD mn for 2019. NZ: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 456.400 NZD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 900.000 NZD mn in 2021 and a record low of 169.300 NZD mn in 1981. NZ: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
900.000 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD)

NZ: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD)

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | NZD mn | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data was reported at 5,256.000 NZD mn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,549.000 NZD mn for 2019. NZ: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 1,416.200 NZD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,256.000 NZD mn in 2021 and a record low of 282.000 NZD mn in 1981. NZ: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
5,256.000 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD)

NZ: HERD: % of GDP

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: HERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.350 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.335 % for 2019. NZ: HERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.330 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.413 % in 2009 and a record low of 0.130 % in 1983. NZ: HERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
0.350 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

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New Zealand NZ: HERD: % of GDP

NZ: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate

1983 - 2021 | Yearly | % | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 4.571 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.901 % for 2019. NZ: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 3.207 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 67.024 % in 1990 and a record low of -5.813 % in 1983. NZ: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

Last Frequency Range
4.571 2021 yearly 1983 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1983 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate

NZ: HERD: PPP: 2015p

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | USD mn | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: HERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 729.611 USD mn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 667.217 USD mn for 2019. NZ: HERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 400.544 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 729.611 USD mn in 2021 and a record low of 101.278 USD mn in 1983. NZ: HERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
729.611 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: HERD: PPP: 2015p from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: HERD: PPP: 2015p

NZ: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD)

1981 - 2021 | Yearly | NZD mn | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

NZ: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data was reported at 1,254.000 NZD mn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,082.000 NZD mn for 2019. NZ: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 403.552 NZD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,254.000 NZD mn in 2021 and a record low of 44.500 NZD mn in 1981. NZ: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

Last Frequency Range
1,254.000 2021 yearly 1981 - 2021

View New Zealand's NZ: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

New Zealand NZ: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD)
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