France Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual

FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total

FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 61.717 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 61.696 % for 2021. FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 50.501 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 62.387 % in 2019 and a record low of 41.047 % in 1981. FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate

FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 3.576 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.869 % for 2021. FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 4.150 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.739 % in 2007 and a record low of -1.760 % in 2005. FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry

FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data was reported at 10.206 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.156 Per 1000 for 2020. FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 4.928 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.206 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 2.088 Per 1000 in 1981. FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

View France's FR: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female

FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 22.865 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 22.403 % for 2020. FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 20.262 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.865 % in 2021 and a record low of 19.414 % in 2010. FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female

FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 66,554.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 64,887.000 Person for 2020. FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 33,396.270 Person from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 66,554.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 17,787.000 Person in 2000. FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total

FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 291,075.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 289,641.000 Person for 2020. FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 132,756.300 Person from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2021, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 291,075.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 73,728.000 Person in 1992. FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1992 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate

FR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 1.984 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.017 % for 2021. FR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.258 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16.930 % in 1982 and a record low of -12.196 % in 2001. FR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent

FR: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 31,753.000 FTE in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 30,980.000 FTE for 2022. FR: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 25,949.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31,753.000 FTE in 2023 and a record low of 15,700.000 FTE in 1981. FR: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female

FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 38.238 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 38.031 % for 2020. FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 34.969 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 38.238 % in 2021 and a record low of 30.752 % in 2000. FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female

FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 12,177.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 11,853.000 Person for 2020. FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 9,824.388 Person from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12,177.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 7,858.000 Person in 2001. FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total

FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 31,845.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 31,167.000 Person for 2020. FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 27,597.350 Person from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2021, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31,845.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 21,457.000 Person in 1992. FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 1992 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate

FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 1.983 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.651 % for 2021. FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 0.398 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.762 % in 1982 and a record low of -7.507 % in 2001. FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent

FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 51,733.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 50,727.000 FTE for 2021. FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 52,068.490 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 71,505.000 FTE in 1991 and a record low of 47,601.155 FTE in 2003. FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent

FR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 95,371.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 91,582.000 FTE for 2021. FR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 62,991.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 95,371.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 32,700.000 FTE in 1981. FR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female

FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 57,697.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 55,829.000 Person for 2020. FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 37,199.498 Person from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 57,697.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 30,053.000 Person in 2000. FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total

FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 137,688.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 133,513.000 Person for 2020. FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 109,425.591 Person from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 137,688.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 93,191.000 Person in 2000. FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female

FR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 29.871 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 29.411 % for 2020. FR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 27.478 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 29.871 % in 2021 and a record low of 25.345 % in 2010. FR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Number of Researchers: Female

FR: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 139,651.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 135,524.000 Person for 2020. FR: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 80,989.351 Person from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 139,651.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 58,124.000 Person in 2000. FR: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Number of Researchers: Female from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Number of Researchers: Total

FR: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 467,519.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 460,792.000 Person for 2020. FR: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 273,711.800 Person from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2021, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 467,519.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 177,634.000 Person in 1992. FR: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Number of Researchers: Total from 1992 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total

FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data was reported at 60.933 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 60.386 % for 2020. FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 55.610 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 61.388 % in 2019 and a record low of 50.616 % in 1983. FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

View France's FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate

FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 3.576 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.609 % for 2021. FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.911 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.609 % in 2021 and a record low of -2.753 % in 2005. FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry

FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 14.986 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 14.666 Per 1000 for 2020. FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 10.331 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.986 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 7.595 Per 1000 in 1981. FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

View France's FR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent

FR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 513,690.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 496,250.000 FTE for 2021. FR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 336,682.598 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 513,690.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 249,000.000 FTE in 1981. FR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force

FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 16.474 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 16.128 Per 1000 for 2020. FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 12.332 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16.474 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 10.107 Per 1000 in 1981. FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

View France's FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment

FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment data was reported at 17.084 Per 1000 in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 16.941 Per 1000 for 2021. FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 13.464 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.084 Per 1000 in 2022 and a record low of 11.009 Per 1000 in 1981. FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Total Employment from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate

FR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 3.540 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.859 % for 2021. FR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 3.076 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.192 % in 1992 and a record low of 0.064 % in 2005. FR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent

FR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 345,617.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 333,800.000 FTE for 2021. FR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 181,896.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 345,617.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 85,500.000 FTE in 1981. FR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment

FR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data was reported at 11.495 Per 1000 in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 11.395 Per 1000 for 2021. FR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 6.986 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.495 Per 1000 in 2022 and a record low of 3.780 Per 1000 in 1981. FR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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