France Exchange Rate: OECD Member: Annual
FR: Purchasing Power Parity: National Currency per USD
FR: Purchasing Power Parity: National Currency per USD data was reported at 0.672 USD/EUR in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.674 USD/EUR for 2022. FR: Purchasing Power Parity: National Currency per USD data is updated yearly, averaging 0.912 USD/EUR from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.046 USD/EUR in 1986 and a record low of 0.672 USD/EUR in 2023. FR: Purchasing Power Parity: National Currency per USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Exchange Rate: OECD Member: Annual.
In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.
In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.
Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.
Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.672 2023 | yearly | 1981 - 2023 |