China Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual
Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP
CN: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data was reported at 0.168 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.158 % for 2021. CN: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.071 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.168 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.028 % in 1996. CN: Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.168 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Basic Research Expenditure: % of GDP from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP
CN: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 2.019 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.898 % for 2021. CN: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.416 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.019 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.514 % in 2000. CN: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.019 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |
View China's Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP from 2000 to 2022 in the chart:
GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector
CN: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data was reported at 79.016 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 78.010 % for 2021. CN: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 74.041 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 79.016 % in 2022 and a record low of 57.590 % in 2000. CN: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 79.016 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |
View China's GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector from 2000 to 2022 in the chart:
GERD Financed: Government
CN: GERD Financed: Government data was reported at 17.773 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 18.957 % for 2021. CN: GERD Financed: Government data is updated yearly, averaging 21.570 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 33.408 % in 2000 and a record low of 17.773 % in 2022. CN: GERD Financed: Government data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 17.773 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |
View China's GERD Financed: Government from 2000 to 2022 in the chart:
GERD Financed: Rest of The World
CN: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data was reported at 0.171 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.209 % for 2021. CN: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data is updated yearly, averaging 0.926 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.686 % in 2000 and a record low of 0.108 % in 2019. CN: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.171 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |
View China's GERD Financed: Rest of The World from 2000 to 2022 in the chart:
GERD Performed: Government Sector
CN: GERD Performed: Government Sector data was reported at 14.592 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 15.280 % for 2021. CN: GERD Performed: Government Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 19.469 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 49.555 % in 1991 and a record low of 14.592 % in 2022. CN: GERD Performed: Government Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 14.592 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's GERD Performed: Government Sector from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector
CN: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data was reported at 7.837 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 7.800 % for 2021. CN: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 8.525 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.633 % in 1994 and a record low of 6.840 % in 2016. CN: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 7.837 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP
CN: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data was reported at 575.075 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 496.329 % for 2021. CN: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 86.602 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 575.075 % in 2022 and a record low of 7.874 % in 1991. CN: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 575.075 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
GERD: % of GDP
CN: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 2.555 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.433 % for 2021. CN: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.371 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.555 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.563 % in 1996. CN: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.555 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's GERD: % of GDP from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 8.139 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.617 % for 2021. CN: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 12.597 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24.761 % in 1999 and a record low of 0.166 % in 1995. CN: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 8.139 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
GERD: PPP: 2015p
CN: GERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 686.693 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 635.012 USD bn for 2021. CN: GERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 120.534 USD bn from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 686.693 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 13.396 USD bn in 1991. CN: GERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 686,693.063 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's GERD: PPP: 2015p from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
GOVERD: % of GDP
CN: GOVERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.373 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.372 % for 2021. CN: GOVERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.307 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.379 % in 2020 and a record low of 0.239 % in 1995. CN: GOVERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.373 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's GOVERD: % of GDP from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 3.271 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.487 % for 2021. CN: GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 8.767 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.389 % in 2002 and a record low of -4.054 % in 1994. CN: GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3.271 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
GOVERD: Current PPP
CN: GOVERD: Current PPP data was reported at 118.469 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 107.131 USD bn for 2021. CN: GOVERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 22.203 USD bn from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 118.469 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 4.519 USD bn in 1991. CN: GOVERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 118,468.793 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's GOVERD: Current PPP from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
GOVERD: PPP: 2015p
CN: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 100.204 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 97.031 USD bn for 2021. CN: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 23.447 USD bn from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.204 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 6.638 USD bn in 1991. CN: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 100,203.900 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's GOVERD: PPP: 2015p from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP
CN: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.454 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.461 % for 2021. CN: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.412 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.476 % in 2020 and a record low of 0.298 % in 2000. CN: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.454 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |
View China's Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP from 2000 to 2022 in the chart:
HERD Financed: Business Sector
CN: HERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 32.320 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 32.579 % for 2021. CN: HERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 33.702 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.101 % in 2004 and a record low of 26.214 % in 2019. CN: HERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 32.320 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |
View China's HERD Financed: Business Sector from 2000 to 2022 in the chart:
HERD: % of GDP
CN: HERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.200 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.190 % for 2021. CN: HERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.125 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.200 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.062 % in 1991. CN: HERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.200 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's HERD: % of GDP from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 8.654 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10.787 % for 2021. CN: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 12.336 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 30.742 % in 2001 and a record low of -3.905 % in 1995. CN: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 8.654 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
HERD: Current PPP
CN: HERD: Current PPP data was reported at 63.624 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 54.684 USD bn for 2021. CN: HERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 10.068 USD bn from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 63.624 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 784.689 USD mn in 1991. CN: HERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 63,624.123 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's HERD: Current PPP from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
HERD: PPP: 2015p
CN: HERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 53.815 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 49.529 USD bn for 2021. CN: HERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 10.636 USD bn from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 53.815 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 1.153 USD bn in 1991. CN: HERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 53,814.892 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's HERD: PPP: 2015p from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD)
CN: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data was reported at 241,239.874 RMB mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 218,049.336 RMB mn for 2021. CN: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 29,574.965 RMB mn from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 241,239.874 RMB mn in 2022 and a record low of 1,372.000 RMB mn in 1991. CN: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 241,239.874 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |