China Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual
BERD Financed: Business Sector
CN: BERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 97.376 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 96.805 % for 2021. CN: BERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 93.024 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 97.376 % in 2022 and a record low of 86.393 % in 2000. CN: BERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 97.376 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |
View China's BERD Financed: Business Sector from 2000 to 2022 in the chart:
BERD Financed: Government
CN: BERD Financed: Government data was reported at 2.399 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.898 % for 2021. CN: BERD Financed: Government data is updated yearly, averaging 4.328 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.845 % in 2000 and a record low of 2.399 % in 2022. CN: BERD Financed: Government data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.399 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |
View China's BERD Financed: Government from 2000 to 2022 in the chart:
BERD Financed: Rest of The World
CN: BERD Financed: Rest of The World data was reported at 0.162 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.221 % for 2021. CN: BERD Financed: Rest of The World data is updated yearly, averaging 1.039 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.985 % in 2000 and a record low of 0.072 % in 2019. CN: BERD Financed: Rest of The World data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.162 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |
View China's BERD Financed: Rest of The World from 2000 to 2022 in the chart:
BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry
CN: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry data was reported at 18.653 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 18.095 % for 2021. CN: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 16.316 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.351 % in 2000 and a record low of 15.154 % in 2012. CN: BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 18.095 2021 | yearly | 2000 - 2021 |
View China's BERD Performed: Computer, Electronic And Optical Industry from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:
BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry
CN: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry data was reported at 97.584 USD bn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 79.929 USD bn for 2020. CN: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 42.276 USD bn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 97.584 USD bn in 2021 and a record low of 4.410 USD bn in 2000. CN: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 97,583.689 2021 | yearly | 2000 - 2021 |
View China's BERD Performed: Current PPP: Computer, Electronic and Optical Industry from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:
BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry
CN: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry data was reported at 23.635 USD bn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 19.543 USD bn for 2020. CN: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 10.567 USD bn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 23.635 USD bn in 2021 and a record low of 861.791 USD mn in 2000. CN: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 23,635.320 2021 | yearly | 2000 - 2021 |
View China's BERD Performed: Current PPP: Pharmaceutical Industry from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:
BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries
CN: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries data was reported at 14.051 USD bn in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 11.985 USD bn for 2011. CN: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries data is updated yearly, averaging 10.059 USD bn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2012, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.051 USD bn in 2012 and a record low of 1.295 USD bn in 2000. CN: BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 13,969.843 2012 | yearly | 2000 - 2012 |
View China's BERD Performed: Current PPP: Service Industries from 2000 to 2012 in the chart:
BERD Performed: Service Industries
CN: BERD Performed: Service Industries data was reported at 6.343 % in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.420 % for 2011. CN: BERD Performed: Service Industries data is updated yearly, averaging 6.382 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2012, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.678 % in 2009 and a record low of 6.271 % in 2010. CN: BERD Performed: Service Industries data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6.343 2012 | yearly | 2000 - 2012 |
View China's BERD Performed: Service Industries from 2000 to 2012 in the chart:
BERD: % of GDP
CN: BERD: % of GDP data was reported at 1.982 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.871 % for 2021. CN: BERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.983 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.982 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.244 % in 1996. CN: BERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1.982 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's BERD: % of GDP from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
BERD: % of Value Added
CN: BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 2.295 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.281 % for 2020. CN: BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 1.125 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2021, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.295 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.268 % in 1996. CN: BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.295 2021 | yearly | 1991 - 2021 |
View China's BERD: % of Value Added from 1991 to 2021 in the chart:
BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 9.053 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10.143 % for 2021. CN: BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 13.280 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 38.017 % in 1999 and a record low of 1.431 % in 1995. CN: BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 9.053 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
BERD: Current PPP
CN: BERD: Current PPP data was reported at 629.769 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 539.299 USD bn for 2021. CN: BERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 81.883 USD bn from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 629.769 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 3.632 USD bn in 1991. CN: BERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 629,768.682 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's BERD: Current PPP from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
BERD: PPP: 2015p
CN: BERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 532.674 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 488.453 USD bn for 2021. CN: BERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 86.450 USD bn from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 532.674 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 5.334 USD bn in 1991. CN: BERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 532,674.272 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's BERD: PPP: 2015p from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD)
CN: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD) data was reported at 2,387,857.153 RMB mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,150,405.930 RMB mn for 2021. CN: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 240,824.025 RMB mn from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,387,857.153 RMB mn in 2022 and a record low of 6,350.000 RMB mn in 1991. CN: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2,387,857.153 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD) from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added
CN: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 2.222 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.203 % for 2020. CN: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 1.527 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.222 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.524 % in 2000. CN: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2.222 2021 | yearly | 2000 - 2021 |
View China's Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added from 2000 to 2021 in the chart:
Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 9.697 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10.368 % for 2021. CN: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 13.525 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2022, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 32.393 % in 2004 and a record low of 8.155 % in 2015. CN: Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 9.697 2022 | yearly | 2003 - 2022 |
View China's Business-Financed BERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 2003 to 2022 in the chart:
Business-Financed BERD: PPP: 2015p
CN: Business-Financed BERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 518.698 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 472.845 USD bn for 2021. CN: Business-Financed BERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 199.117 USD bn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 518.698 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 21.107 USD bn in 2000. CN: Business-Financed BERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 518,698.406 2022 | yearly | 2000 - 2022 |