South Korea Core CPI Change

1976 - 2024 | Monthly | % | CEIC Data

Key information about South Korea Core CPI Change

  • South Korea Core CPI Change was reported at 2.424 % in Mar 2024.
  • This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.575 % for Feb 2024.
  • South Korea Core CPI Change data is updated monthly, averaging 3.248 % from Jan 1976 to Mar 2024, with 579 observations.
  • The data reached an all-time high of 30.465 % in Dec 1980 and a record low of -0.348 % in May 1999.
  • South Korea Core CPI Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data.
  • The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Core CPI: Y-o-Y Growth: Monthly.

CEIC calculates Core Consumer Price Index Growth from monthly Core Consumer Price Index. Statistics Korea provides Core Consumer Price Index with base 2020=100. Core Consumer Price Index excludes Agricultural Products and Oil.

View South Korea's Core CPI Change from Jan 1976 to Mar 2024 in the chart:

South Korea Core CPI Change

What was South Korea's Core CPI Change in Mar 2024?

South Korea Core CPI Change was reported at 2.424 % in Mar 2024. See the table below for more data.

Last Previous Min Max Unit Frequency Range
2.424 Mar 2024 2.575 Feb 2024 -0.348 May 1999 30.465 Dec 1980 % monthly Jan 1976 - Mar 2024

Core CPI Change by Country Comparison

Buy Selected Data

Includes Core CPI Change on 80 economies standardised by CEIC. Instant access to full history data in excel.
country/region Last Frequency Range
Argentina (%) 291.938 Feb 2024 monthly Dec 2017 - Feb 2024
Armenia (%) 0.132 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2006 - Feb 2024
Australia (%) 4.125 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 1987 - Dec 2023
Austria (%) 4.959 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Belarus (%) 4.063 Mar 2024 monthly Dec 2006 - Mar 2024
Belgium (%) 4.105 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Brazil (%) 4.290 Mar 2024 monthly Jun 1995 - Mar 2024
Bulgaria (%) 4.126 Feb 2024 monthly Dec 1997 - Feb 2024
Cambodia (%) -0.109 Feb 2024 monthly Mar 2014 - Feb 2024
Canada (%) 2.122 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1985 - Feb 2024
Chile (%) 2.616 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Mar 2024
China (%) 1.200 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2006 - Feb 2024
Colombia (%) 7.321 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2000 - Mar 2024
Croatia (%) 15.037 Dec 2022 monthly Jan 2001 - Dec 2022
Cyprus (%) 2.821 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Czech Republic (%) 2.889 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Denmark (%) 1.655 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2001 - Mar 2024
Egypt (%) 33.660 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2005 - Mar 2024
Estonia (%) 5.056 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
European Union (%) 7.819 May 2023 monthly Jan 1997 - May 2023
Finland (%) 2.588 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
France (%) 3.229 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Georgia (%) 2.380 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Mar 2024
Germany (%) 3.370 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2006 - Feb 2024
Ghana (%) 47.200 Dec 2022 monthly Aug 2019 - Dec 2022
Greece (%) 3.463 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1996 - Mar 2024
Hungary (%) 5.106 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1996 - Feb 2024
Iceland (%) 7.016 Mar 2024 monthly Mar 1998 - Mar 2024
India (%) 3.340 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2012 - Feb 2024
Indonesia (%) 1.768 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Mar 2024
Ireland (%) 3.229 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Israel (%) 2.142 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1993 - Feb 2024
Italy (%) 2.608 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Japan (%) 3.304 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2001 - Feb 2024
Kazakhstan (%) 8.800 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2003 - Mar 2024
South Korea (%) 2.424 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1976 - Mar 2024
Kuwait (%) 2.944 Feb 2024 monthly May 2017 - Feb 2024
Kyrgyzstan (%) 12.219 May 2023 monthly Jan 2010 - May 2023
Laos (%) 32.591 Dec 2022 monthly Dec 2011 - Dec 2022
Latvia (%) 2.946 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Lithuania (%) 3.060 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2001 - Mar 2024
Luxembourg (%) 3.720 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
North Macedonia (%) 6.500 Jan 2024 monthly Aug 2014 - Jan 2024
Malaysia (%) 1.797 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2016 - Feb 2024
Malta (%) 3.101 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Mauritius (%) 7.000 Jun 2023 monthly Jun 2004 - Jun 2023
Mexico (%) 4.643 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1983 - Feb 2024
Moldova (%) 4.542 Mar 2024 monthly Dec 2010 - Mar 2024
Mongolia (%) 17.102 Jun 2022 monthly Jan 2016 - Jun 2022
Montenegro (%) 10.717 Dec 2022 monthly Jan 2011 - Dec 2022
Morocco (%) 1.115 2018 yearly 2004 - 2018
Netherlands (%) 2.840 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
New Zealand (%) 4.417 Dec 2023 quarterly Jun 2000 - Dec 2023
Nigeria (%) 25.127 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1996 - Feb 2024
Norway (%) 4.482 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1996 - Mar 2024
Pakistan (%) 15.500 Feb 2024 monthly Sep 2010 - Feb 2024
Paraguay (%) 4.531 Mar 2024 monthly Dec 1993 - Mar 2024
Peru (%) 4.012 Mar 2024 monthly Dec 1991 - Mar 2024
Philippines (%) 7.720 May 2023 monthly Jan 1995 - May 2023
Poland (%) 5.400 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1998 - Feb 2024
Portugal (%) 2.489 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1949 - Mar 2024
Romania (%) 8.060 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Russia (%) 7.840 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2003 - Mar 2024
Serbia (%) 5.300 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2007 - Feb 2024
Singapore (%) 3.600 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1990 - Feb 2024
Slovakia (%) 4.786 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Slovenia (%) 4.400 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2001 - Mar 2024
South Africa (%) 5.005 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Feb 2024
Spain (%) 3.818 Dec 2023 monthly Jan 2003 - Dec 2023
Sri Lanka (%) 31.793 Apr 2023 monthly Jan 2015 - Apr 2023
Sweden (%) 4.031 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Feb 2024
Switzerland (%) 1.015 Mar 2024 monthly May 1994 - Mar 2024
Taiwan (%) 2.128 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1982 - Mar 2024
Thailand (%) 1.548 May 2023 monthly Dec 1985 - May 2023
Turkey (%) 71.891 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2004 - Mar 2024
Ukraine (%) 4.200 Mar 2024 monthly Dec 2008 - Mar 2024
United Kingdom (%) 4.859 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1989 - Feb 2024
United States (%) 3.875 Jan 2024 monthly Jan 1958 - Jan 2024
Venezuela (%) 60.337 Dec 2013 monthly Dec 2008 - Dec 2013
Vietnam (%) 2.761 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 2015 - Mar 2024

Accurate Macro & Micro Economic Data You Can Trust

Explore the most complete set of 6.6 million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors.

Learn more about what we do

South Korea Key Series

Buy Selected Data

Includes 455 key indicators for South Korea, curated by CEIC analysts. Instant access to full history data in excel.
Government and Public Finance Last Frequency Range
Consolidated Fiscal Balance: % of GDP (%) -1.6 Dec 2023 quarterly Jun 2000 - Dec 2023
Consolidated Fiscal Balance (USD mn) -6,888.333 Nov 2023 monthly Jul 1999 - Nov 2023
Tax Revenue (USD mn) 9,088.625 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2000 - Feb 2024
Tax Revenue: % of GDP (%) 22.7 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 2000 - Dec 2023
National Government Debt (USD mn) 815,782.8 Sep 2023 quarterly Sep 2002 - Sep 2023
Government Debt: % of GDP (%) 49.9 Sep 2023 quarterly Sep 2002 - Sep 2023
Forecast: Government Expenditure (KRW bn) 679,848.650 2028 yearly 1995 - 2028
Forecast: Government Net Debt (KRW bn) 1,606,994.340 2028 yearly 1990 - 2028
Forecast: Government Revenue (KRW bn) 679,687.380 2028 yearly 1995 - 2028
National Debt (ND) (KRW bn) 1,067,700.000 2022 yearly 1997 - 2022
Central Govt Debt: Foreign (KRW bn) 11,791.000 Sep 2023 quarterly Dec 2002 - Sep 2023
Central Govt Debt (KRW bn) 1,099,561.000 Sep 2023 quarterly Sep 2002 - Sep 2023
Central Govt Debt: Domestic (KRW bn) 1,087,771.000 Sep 2023 quarterly Dec 2002 - Sep 2023
Central Govt Debt: Short-Term (KRW bn) 0.000 Sep 2023 quarterly Sep 2002 - Sep 2023
Central Govt Debt: Medium & Long Term (KRW bn) 1,099,507.000 Sep 2023 quarterly Sep 2002 - Sep 2023
Public Sector Debt (KRW bn) 1,588,700.000 2022 yearly 2011 - 2022
Foreign Trade Last Frequency Range
Forecast: Exports of Goods Growth (%) 3.043 2028 yearly 1980 - 2028
Trade Balance (USD mn) 4,291.2 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1966 - Mar 2024
Total Exports (USD mn) 56,571.8 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1966 - Mar 2024
Total Exports Growth (%) 3.1 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1967 - Mar 2024
Aluminum: Exports (USD th) 4,568,165.809 2022 yearly 1995 - 2022
Exports: Medicament (USD th) 1,062,354.931 2022 yearly 1995 - 2022
Exports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) 6,513,466.420 2022 yearly 1995 - 2022
Total Imports (USD mn) 52,280.7 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1966 - Mar 2024
Total Imports Growth (%) -12.3 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1967 - Mar 2024
Imports: Medicament (USD th) 4,532,213.079 2022 yearly 1995 - 2022
Imports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) 4,747,831.996 2022 yearly 1995 - 2022
Total Exports to USA (USD mn) 10,911.000 Mar 2024 monthly Apr 1964 - Mar 2024
Total Imports from USA (USD mn) 5,974.000 Mar 2024 monthly Apr 1964 - Mar 2024
Total Exports to China (USD mn) 10,520.000 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1988 - Mar 2024
Total Imports from China (USD mn) 11,396.000 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1988 - Mar 2024
Trade Balance: First 10 days (USD mn) -1,987.404 Apr 2024 monthly Jan 2016 - Apr 2024
Imports: First 10 days (USD mn) 18,428.230 Apr 2024 monthly Jan 2016 - Apr 2024
Exports: First 10 days (USD mn) 16,440.826 Apr 2024 monthly Jan 2016 - Apr 2024
Imports: Middle East: Qatar (USD th) 1,140,352.000 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1993 - Feb 2024
Imports: Natural Gas: Quantity (Ton th) 4,552.00 Feb 2018 monthly Nov 1990 - Feb 2018
Motor Vehicle: Exports (Unit) 249,718.000 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1981 - Mar 2024
Balance of Payments Last Frequency Range
Direct Investment Abroad (USD mn) 3,304.1 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
Current Account Balance (USD mn) 7,671.1 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
Current Account Balance: % of GDP (USD mn) 7,671.1 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
Foreign Direct Investment (USD mn) 2,558.8 Jun 2023 monthly Jan 1980 - Jun 2023
Foreign Direct Investment: % of GDP (%) 1.2 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 1980 - Dec 2023
Foreign Portfolio Investment (USD mn) 7,450.600 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 1980 - Dec 2023
Foreign Portfolio Investment: % of GDP (%) 1.7 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 1980 - Dec 2023
Foreign Portfolio Investment: Equity Securities (USD mn) 3,253.2 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 1980 - Dec 2023
Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities (USD mn) 4,197.400 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 1980 - Dec 2023
External Debt (USD mn) 663,631.1 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 1994 - Dec 2023
External Debt: % of GDP (%) 38.8 2023 yearly 1994 - 2023
External Debt: Short Term (USD mn) 136,202.8 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 1994 - Dec 2023
External Debt: Short Term: % of GDP (%) 8.0 2023 yearly 1994 - 2023
Total Debt: % of GDP (%) 757.9 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 2008 - Dec 2023
Forecast: Current Account Balance (USD bn) 66.020 2028 yearly 1980 - 2028
Net International Investment Position (USD mn) 779,876.500 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 1994 - Dec 2023
BoP: CA: G&S: Goods: Exports fob (USD mn) 53,778.700 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CA: G&S: Goods: Imports fob (USD mn) 42,392.700 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CA: G&S: Services (SV) (USD mn) -2,093.900 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CA: G&S: SV: Credit (USD mn) 8,183.800 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CA: G&S: SV: Debit (USD mn) 10,277.700 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CA: Secondary Incomes: Credit (USD mn) 873.600 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: Direct Investment (DI) (USD mn) 6,056.900 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CA: Secondary Incomes: Debit (USD mn) 1,713.900 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: DI: Direct Investment Assets (USD mn) 6,294.200 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: Portfolio Investment (PI) (USD mn) 407.400 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: PI: Portfolio Investment Asset (PIA) (USD mn) 3,416.100 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: PI: Portfolio Investment Liabilities (PIL) (USD mn) 3,008.700 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: Financial Derivatives (FD) (USD mn) -484.100 May 2018 monthly Mar 1987 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: FD: Assets (USD mn) -4,690.900 May 2018 monthly Mar 1987 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: FD: Liabilities (USD mn) -4,206.800 May 2018 monthly Mar 1987 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: Other Investment (OI) (USD mn) -2,828.400 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: OI: Other Investment Liabilities (OIL) (USD mn) 7,661.800 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: CF: FA: OI: Other Investment Assets (OIA) (USD mn) 4,833.400 May 2018 monthly Jan 1980 - May 2018
BoP: sa: CA: Primary Income: Credit (USD mn) 6,100.500 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: Secondary Income: Credit (USD mn) 802.100 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: G&S: Goods: Imports fob (USD mn) 49,468.000 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: G&S: Services: Debit (USD mn) 13,034.100 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: G&S: Goods (USD mn) 8,227.000 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: G&S: Goods: Exports fob (USD mn) 57,695.000 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: G&S: Services (USD mn) -2,186.800 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: Primary Income (USD mn) 2,187.800 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: Secondary Income: Debit (USD mn) 1,359.000 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: Primary Income: Debit (USD mn) 3,912.700 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: Secondary Income (USD mn) -556.900 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
BoP: sa: CA: G&S: Services: Credit (USD mn) 10,847.300 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Feb 2024
International Investment Position: Liabilities (USD mn) 1,507,236.500 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 1994 - Dec 2023
International Investment Position: Net (USD mn) 779,876.500 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 1994 - Dec 2023
International Investment Position: Assets (USD mn) 2,287,113.000 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 1994 - Dec 2023
External Debt: Gross: Long Term (LT) (USD mn) 527,428.300 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 1994 - Dec 2023
ODI: Total Invested: Real Estate (USD mn) 725,563.42 Jun 2018 monthly Dec 1980 - Jun 2018
Smalll Business Health Index (SBHI): Economic Outlook (EO) (Index) 72.400 Feb 2024 monthly Jan 2015 - Feb 2024
Monetary Last Frequency Range
Non Performing Loans Ratio (%) 0.4 Dec 2023 quarterly Jun 2001 - Dec 2023
Household Debt: % of GDP (%) 103.5 Dec 2023 quarterly Dec 2002 - Dec 2023
Non-Performing Loans (USD mn) 7,165.465 Dec 2023 quarterly Jun 2001 - Dec 2023
Money Supply M1 (USD mn) 916,308.413 Jan 2024 monthly Jan 1970 - Jan 2024
Money Supply M2 (USD mn) 2,934,712.413 Jan 2024 monthly Jan 1970 - Jan 2024
M2 Growth (%) 3.8 Jan 2024 monthly Jan 1971 - Jan 2024
Reserve Requirement Ratio (%) 7.0 Mar 2024 monthly Nov 1979 - Mar 2024
Foreign Exchange Reserves (USD mn) 395,420.3 Mar 2024 monthly Dec 1956 - Mar 2024
Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP (%) 7.000 Mar 2024 monthly Nov 1979 - Mar 2024
Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import (NA) 7.6 Mar 2024 monthly Jan 1971 - Mar 2024
Gold Reserves (USD mn) 4,794.759 Mar 2024 monthly Dec 1956 - Mar 2024
Total Deposits (USD mn) 1,873,942.617 Jan 2024 monthly Sep 1992 - Jan 2024
Total Deposits Growth (%) 3.8 Jan 2024 monthly Sep 1993 - Jan 2024
Domestic Credit (USD mn) 3,462,458.6 Feb 2024 monthly Dec 2001 - Feb 2024
Domestic Credit Growth (%) 4.9 Feb 2024 monthly Dec 2002 - Feb 2024
Debt Service Ratio: Households (%) 14.200 Sep 2023 quarterly Mar 1999 - Sep 2023
Debt Service Ratio: Private Non-Financial Sector (%) 23.800 Sep 2023 quarterly Mar 1999 - Sep 2023
Credit to Households (USD bn) 1,663.027 Sep 2023 quarterly Dec 1962 - Sep 2023
Credit to Private Non-Financial Sector (USD bn) 3,695.718 Sep 2023 quarterly Dec 1962 - Sep 2023
Household Debt (USD mn) 1,742,901.9 Mar 2023 quarterly Dec 2002 - Mar 2023
Total Loans (USD mn) 1,704,813.020 Jan 2024 monthly Jan 1965 - Jan 2024
Total Loans Growth (%) 4.94 Jan 2024 monthly Jan 1966 - Jan 2024
Private Debt: % of Nominal GDP (%) 176.79 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 1991 - Dec 2023
Money Supply: New M2: Certificate of Deposit (KRW bn) 24,533.00 Mar 2018 monthly Jun 1984 - Mar 2018
Money Supply: New M1: sa (KRW bn) 1,223,180.100 Jan 2024 monthly Jan 1970 - Jan 2024
Money Supply: New M2: sa (KRW bn) 3,917,547.600 Jan 2024 monthly Jan 1970 - Jan 2024
Deposits: CSB: Households (KRW bn) 614,344.50 Mar 2018 monthly Jan 1975 - Mar 2018
Deposits: CSB: Corporations (KRW bn) 396,621.30 Mar 2018 monthly Jan 1975 - Mar 2018
Loans of CSBs: CH: Corporate (KRW bn) 796,021.70 Mar 2018 monthly Dec 2006 - Mar 2018
Loans of Commercial and Specialized Banks (CSB): Total (KRW bn) 1,525,815.40 Mar 2018 monthly Jan 1965 - Mar 2018
KR: Non-performing Loans (NPL): Commercial & Specialized Banks (KRW bn) 12,186.500 Dec 2018 quarterly Jun 2001 - Dec 2018
Business and Economic Survey Last Frequency Range
Business Confidence Growth (% Point) 9.0 Mar 2024 monthly Feb 2004 - Mar 2024
Busniess Survey Index: Forecast: Manufacturing: sa (NA) 81.000 Jul 2018 monthly Feb 2003 - Jul 2018
Business Survey Index: Forecast: Non-manufacturing: sa (NA) 81.000 Jul 2018 monthly Feb 2003 - Jul 2018
BSI: Forecast: BC: Services (NA) 81.000 Jul 2018 monthly Sep 2009 - Jul 2018
Business Survey Index: Actual: Manufacturing: sa (NA) 79.000 Jun 2018 monthly Jan 2003 - Jun 2018
Business Survey Index: Actual: Non-manufacturing: sa (NA) 79.000 Jun 2018 monthly Jan 2003 - Jun 2018

More Indicators for South Korea

Request a demo of CEIC

CEIC’s economic databases cover over 200 global markets. Our Platform offers the most reliable macroeconomic data and advanced analytical tools.

Request a demo
Please note, product demos are not available for students. Please click here to find out more about the version of CEIC available for student users.
Unlimited access tailored to your data needs
Flexible monthly access to CEIC data